Part 3 Support the use of medication in social care settings Adverse drug reaction Sheena Helyer 12013 Pictures provided by cadistacom What is an adverse drug reaction An adverse drug reaction ADR is an unwanted or harmful reaction experienced following the administration ID: 161200
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HSC 3047 :Part 3 Support the use of medication in social care settings:Adverse drug reaction
Sheena Helyer 1.2013
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What is an adverse drug reaction?An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an unwanted or harmful reaction experienced following the administration of a drug or combination of drugs.The reaction may be a known side effect of the drug or it may be new and previously unrecognised.Adverse drug reactionsSlide3
Is it a reaction or an event?An adverse reaction is any undesirable experience that has happened to the patient while taking the drug that is suspected to be caused by the drug. i.e. the person develops a severe headache.An adverse event is an undesirable event which happens to a person whilst taking medication, regardless of whether or not the medicine is suspected to be related to the event .i.e. the person trips and falls.
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Type A reactionsType A (augmented).The reaction results from an exaggeration of the drug’s normal pharmacological actions when given at the usual dose.Examples include:Low blood pressure with an antihypertensive.Low blood sugar with insulin.
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Type B reactionsType B (bizarre). The reaction is a novel response that is not expected from the known pharmacological actions of the drug.Examples include:Anaphylaxis with penicillinSkin rashes with antibiotics.Adverse drug reactionsSlide6
How common are ADRs?5% of hospital admissions were related to ADRs.Projected annual cost to the NHS is over £1 billion 2% of patients admitted with ADRs died.Most cases of ADRs were due to predictable causes and therefore preventableCommon causes: low dose aspirin, diuretics, warfarin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: Munir Pirmohamed
et al 2004)Adverse drug reactionsSlide7
Drugs which commonly cause ADRsAspirin: Given in high doses for colds flus and pain, and in low doses for prevention of strokes and heart attacks.Risk of gastric irritation, stomach ulcers and bleedingDiuretics: Given to expel excess fluid from the body which has been causing oedema/swelling and/or breathlessnessRisk of blood chemical imbalance which causes confusion weakness and abnormal heart rhythms.Non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs NSAIDs: Given to reduce the pain of conditions such as arthritis.
Risk of stomach irritation and bleeding so must be given with or after food.Warfarin: Given to inhibit clotting.
Risk of bruising and bleeding. Levels must be carefully controlledAdverse drug reactionsSlide8
Causes of ADRsWrong diagnosisWrong drug or doseAllergic response Self medicationNot following instructionsReactions to other medication or remediesSubstandard or counterfeit medicationAdverse drug reactionsSlide9
Anaphylaxis
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Anaphylaxis Hives Medical alert bracelet
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AnaphylaxisAnaphylaxis is a sudden onset allergic reactionSkin and mucosal changes. Hives.Airway and lung problems. Difficulty breathing.Collapse of circulation. Tachycardia.Anaphylaxis can result in DEATH
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Treatment of AnaphylaxisCall 999The person needs to receive:-AdrenalineAntihistamineMay need resuscitationAdverse drug reactionsSlide13
Triggers Food Medication VenomNuts Antibiotics Bee/wasp stingPulses OpioidsShell fish NSAIDsEggsMilk
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Reporting of adverse reactionsThe person’s GP must be told of any adverse reaction.All adverse reactions to medication should be reported to the MHRA using the yellow card scheme.Yellow Card Centre West Midlands: City Hospital, Dudley Road, Birmingham, B18 7QH Tel: 0121 507 5672
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Yellow card scheme
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Improvingmedication safety
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Preventing Adverse Drug ReactionsKnown drug allergies must be brought to the attention of all the people who prescribe and administer medication.Everyone involved with the process must understand what the medication is for and what the common side effects might be.Special care should be taken with new medication which is identified by a black triangle.Action must be taken at an early stage to prevent deterioration.People taking multiple medicines should be reviewed at regular intervals by their GPs.Adverse drug reactionsSlide18
The following outcome has been covered:-Outcome 2The learner can describe changes to an individual’s physical or mental well-being that may indicate an adverse reaction to a medication. Adverse drug reactions