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synaesthetes Conversely synaesthesia is alsoassociated with positive cognitive effects such asenhanced recall Smilek et al 2002a Whether theeffects are positive or negative it is clear thatMa. (grasping opportunity!). RBW 14/5/15. Why Virtual Wards?. Respond to . growing needs of people with chronic health . problems. Emergency admissions rising – undesirable for patients and costly in terms of . Scientists assign all food tastes to one of five broad categories. Sweet. Salty. Bitter. Sour. and the newest fifth taste-. Umami. Sweet and salty are the least sensitive. Bitter is the most sensitive. Siyuan. Chen . Learning . Stimulus . Any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds. Reflex. An involuntary response to a stimulus. Eye blink to a puff of air. Conditioned reflex . Jake Westfall. University of Texas at Austin. Charles M. Judd David A. Kenny. University of Colorado Boulder University of Connecticut. Two guidelines almost all can agree on for conducting direct replications:. The Concept of Reinforcement. (+) Positive Reinforcement. (-) Negative Reinforcement. Involves following an operant with the addition of an appetitive stimulus . A response is strengthened because something is added. , Madeline Trimble, and Jesse Weisman Pitts. Essential Questions. How do we smell?. What is the sense of smell used for?. What is responsible for our sense of smell? Where are they located in our brain?. gustation. : . refers to sensations produced when substances dissolved in saliva stimulate taste receptors on the tongue and in the mouth. . Flavor:. includes smell, texture, temperature, and consistency (not just taste).. Chemoreceptors. Receptors for taste and smell. Respond to many of the same stimuli. Chemicals in solution. Receptors for Taste and Smell Compliment each other. Vagus nerve. Page 150 of notes. #1-3. Circumvallate Papillae. Stimulus and Response Why animals and plants do what they do OR A fancy way of saying cause and effect in the animal world. Describe a situation in which you were immediately scared and/or reacted quickly to something. Write at least 1 complete sentence describing your sometimes that produces a reaction or a response . from. a . person or animal. Classic . Conditioning - simple form of learning in which one stimulus . (thought of food). response . (salivating) . Special organs of taste. Approximately 10,000 on surface of tongue. 1,000 scattered in the roof of mouth and walls of throat. Associated with Papillae. Tiny elevations on tongue. Taste Receptors. Taste Cells . After eating Cheddar cheese or tomatoes, there may be a ‘savoury’ taste lingering - this is umami. . Have you tasted umami?. How was it discovered?. Umami was discovered by Dr . Kikunae. Ikeda, from Tokyo Imperial University, Japan, in 1908. . Concepts to know: . Debt vs. Deficit. Federal budget deficit – measured typically over the course of one year, a deficit occurs when the federal government’s outlays (payments) are larger than its receipts (funds paid to government).. s. est. Bias: . Cramer-. Rao. bound:. Mean square error:. Variance:. Fisher information. How good is our estimate? . (ML is unbiased: . b. = . b. ’ = 0). Alternatively:. Fisher information. Quantifies local stimulus .