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Write down as many  religious prophets Write down as many  religious prophets

Write down as many religious prophets - PowerPoint Presentation

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Write down as many religious prophets - PPT Presentation

and key religious figures as you can Individually 2mins Compare your list with a partner Share your ideas to extend your individual lists Pairs 3 mins Combine your lists to collate a single definitive group list ID: 650474

religion women religious amp women religion amp religious men religions patriarchal feminist god male mins muslim www watch veil

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Slide1

Write down as many religious prophets and key religious figures as you can.

Individually (2mins)Slide2

Compare your list with a partner.Share your ideas to extend your individual lists.Pairs (3

mins

)Slide3

Combine your lists to collate a single, definitive group list.In your groups, sub-divide your list by gender.

Groups (3

mins

)Slide4

Religion, Feminism & GenderG672Slide5

1. Feminist ArgumentsDoes Religion Oppress Women?Slide6

Learning ObjectivesDescribe three feminist views on the oppression of women by religion.Explain the two sides of the debate over whether or not the Muslim veil oppresses women.

Identify at least three evaluative points regarding feminist views of religion.Slide7

Women & ReligionSignificant prophets, apostles etc. tend to be male

.

Where women feature, they tend to represent

patriarchal ideas

of femininity

(e.g

. dangerous sexuality, virtues of

motherhood).

Even in Buddhism, the feminine is mainly associated with the

secular, powerless, profane

and

imperfect

.

This is just one reason why many

feminists

argued that religion is

patriarchal

and discriminates against women.

But it wasn’t always this way

...

Is religion unfair to women?

https

://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPwsPf6vpxw

The History of the Divine Feminine

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=udBozZacMRwSlide8

Until around 4000 years ago, men were subordinate to women in religious matters.Humans worshipped nature, and women were seen as being closer to nature.Around the world, effigies

of naked, pregnant mother-goddess figures have been uncovered by archaeologists.

The Fall of the GoddessSlide9

The invasions of such societies by male-dominated cultures (esp. from the Middle East) needed a patriarchal rationale to justify such behaviour.Therefore, male gods and aggressive narratives became increasingly important, culminating in monotheism

a single, male, God.

The Fall of the GoddessSlide10

Discuss:

What do you know about the Genesis story – what might the portrayal of Eve suggest about views of women in Christianity?Slide11

“Blessed art thou Lord our God that I was not born a slave. Blessed art thou Lord our God that I was not born a woman.

Orthodox Jewish Prayer

Wives be subject to your husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is head of the church.

Ephesians 5:22-24

Women in ReligionSlide12

Feminist Perspective #1Notions of God are associated with masculinity – there can never be gender equality.

Christianity is a

patriarchal myth

(Daly; 1973),

rooted in male ‘

sado

-rituals’ and ‘torture-cross symbolism’, embodying woman-hating.

http://www.cybercollege.com/antiwoman.htmSlide13

Feminist Perspective #2‘The Second Sex’ -

Simone de Beauvoir

(1953

)

Marxist-Feminist

approach

Religion is used by male oppressors to

control women.

Compensates

women for their

‘second-class’

status:

giving false belief that their suffering will be

compensated for

in Heaven.Slide14

Feminist Perspective #3El

Sadaawi

(1980)

Muslim-feminist

Religion itself does not oppress women, but rather it is the

patriarchal

nature of

monotheistic

religions.

Scripture was written and translated by men, and they have thus used religion to justify abuse of power

(e.g. witch-burnings)Slide15

The Muslim VeilAccording to the Qu’ran, women should exercise religious modesty (‘hijab’) because their seductiveness can lead men astray. Some

muslims

interpret this as meaning the whole body should be covered.

There is ongoing debate in the West as to whether or not the ‘full’ veil is a symbol of oppression

.Slide16

On your mini-whiteboards, identify three reasons for each of the following (based on what you have learned and/or your own ideas):The Muslim veil can be seen to oppress womenThe Muslim veil can be seen as a positive thing that liberates women

5

mins

PairsSlide17

The Muslim VeilAhmed (1992) points out that the veil means that M

uslim women can practise modern ways but still retain their modesty.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tu9AdvDaLmASlide18

Some other issues include:Many religions are strongly anti-abortion

Some religions have strong views against the use of artificial contraception

Many religions do not believe that women should hold powerful positions (e.g. Women priests)

Many religions believe only in the most traditional forms of marriage (one man and one woman) and that children should not be born out of wedlock.

In

pairs

, identify how one of the above issues could be argued to discriminate against women.

Are there any arguments that each might benefit women?

5

mins

– then feed back

Pairs: DebateSlide19

Evaluation PointsCatholic nuns can be viewed as oppressed or liberated (e.g. same argument as the

muslim

veil)

Gender-neutral language

increasingly used in Christian ceremonies

(e.g. the woman no longer has to vow to ‘obey’ her husband).

Many Christian religions e.g.

Quakerism

have never oppressed women.

Female rabbis

have been allowed in non-orthodox Judaism since the 1970s.Slide20

Evaluation PointsMost converts to Islam are female, and elements of Islam are favourable to women (e.g. females keep their names after marriage)

(

Badawi

; 1994

)

Post-patriarchal

Buddhism is developing in the West, whereby there is no differentiation between men and women

(Gross; 1994)Slide21

Written TaskIdentify and explain two feminist views on the treatment of women by religion [17]

15

minsSlide22

HomeworkIs religion unfair to women?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPwsPf6vpxw

The History of the Divine Feminine

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=udBozZacMRw

Watch one of the above films and write a 500 word summary of the key points on your blog (or to hand in).

Due: This time next weekSlide23

Gender & ReligiosityIf religion is so bad for women, why are so many more women than men religious?Slide24

Learning ObjectivesIdentify two different ways of viewing God according to Davie.Describe five reasons why women are more religious than men.

Give at least one detailed example of a sect founded by a women.

Briefly explain the following:

The popularity of the New Age Movement for women

Fundamentalist attitudes to womenSlide25

Why are Women more Religious?

According to

Miller & Hoffman (1995),

women…

Express more interest in religion

Have a stronger personal commitment

Attend church more often

Discuss: Why

?Slide26

Davie (1994) Within monotheistic religions, women and men view God differently.Women see a God of love, comfort and forgiveness.

Men see a God of

power and control.

Men and Women see God differently…

For Davie, this may be why women accept the monotheistic religions that appear to be patriarchal in nature…Slide27

Activity: IndivudallyStudy Britt’s article on Gender & Religion in your workbooks.

Using the article, describe 5 reasons why women are more religious than men.

(10

mins

)Slide28

Women & NRMsThe ratio of female-to-male involvement in sects is about 2:1.

(Bruce; 1995)

Women are more likely to experience

poverty

– those who suffer

economic deprivation

are more likely to join sects, due to the promise of salvation.

(Thomson; 1996

)Slide29

Group ResearchMany sects were actually founded by women, which counters the view that religion is always patriarchal. In small groups, choose and research one of the following to present to the class.

Seventh-Day Adventists

Christian Science

The Shakers

The Spiritualist Movement

15

mins

Research!Slide30

Women & NAMsThe New Age Movement places emphasis on nature and

‘the natural

’.

Women tend to gain higher status and prestige in many

NAMs…

In many cases, they may be seen as

a return to the

Goddess-worship

religions of the past…Slide31

Women & Fundamentalism Fundamentalism has attempted to reverse the increase in women’s independence.

Religious fundamentalist groups in the USA use

terrorist tactics

to close abortion clinics; opposing the right of women to control their fertility.

Fundamentalist

groups around the world insist on conserving/reinstating traditional feminine

positions

(e.g. mother, housewife)

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=5dPbvxrv3bYSlide32

Women & Fundamentalism“The desire to restore fundamentalist religious values and social practices is associated with the fear that any real increase in women’s freedom of choice and action will undermine foundations of tradition, religion, morality and, it could be argued, male control.”

(Cohen & Kennedy; 2000)Slide33

EssayOutline and evaluate the view that religion is a patriarchal force that oppresses women [33

]

http://webplayer.clickview.co.uk/?

p=QjB5z&v1=home.clickview.com.au