People believed that God caused disease - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

People believed that God caused disease as a______________________ for sin. To prevent disease people would pray to God or ____________________ would whip themselves. The church approved of the ideas of Galen as his theories fitted the Christian beliefs. The church disapproved of _____________________ and did not want people to question the accepted ideas. Churches also set up ________________ and copied out the ancient books.Hippocrates came up with the idea of the four humours. When the humours were out of ___________________ people became ill.Hippocrates also believed that there was a ________________ reason for disease and did not blame everything on God. He wrote the Hippocratic Oath where doctors swear to ___________________ harm.Galen came up with the Theory of ___________________ which aimed to balance the humours by giving the patient the opposite of their symptoms.Galen wrote lots of books and proved that the brain controls the body, not the ___________ by operating on a pig.Bloodletting was the most common treatment to balance the humours and was carried out using ________________or cutting a vein. Mostly this was done by __________________ _________________.Purging was making a patient __________________ to rebalance humours. Traditional remedies were mixed by wise women or apothecaries using ______________. Physicians were trained at university but were _________________so were mainly used by the rich. They consulted urine charts and ________________ charts. Most poor people were treated at home or by the local wise woman.

Medieval Medicine

ExpensiveBarber surgeonsVomithospitalsleechespreventPhysicalOppositesZodiacbalancepunishmentheartflagellantsherbsdissection

The Black Death came to Britain from _____________ is 1348 and killed about 1/3 of the population. It was carried by fleas living on rats on ships.The symptoms including vomiting, headache, fever and chills, __________________ in the armpits and groin known as buboes. People had_______________________ideas about the cause of the Black Death, including that it was a punishment from God or was caused by _____________.Natural causes were also blamed, such as poisonous gases from ________________, the four humours and bad air called __________________.______________________ of the disease was important as treatments were not effective. Preventions included ________________ to God, punishing yourself to show God you were sorry and avoiding bad smells.People would also carry ________________to avoid breathing the bad air and would light a fire in the room or ring bells to keep the ____________ moving.To treat the disease people would cut the ______________ open to drain the pus. Sometimes they would then rub a __________________ into the wound which included human poo!Live __________________ were held against the buboes and dried frogs were also held against the buboes in the hope that they would suck out the illness.There were so many crazy ____________ of prevention and treatment because people at the time had very little __________________ of what actually caused the disease in the first place.Case Study: The Black Deathherbsbuboeswitches

understandingswellingsideas

AsiamiasmachickensvolcanoesprayingSuperstitiousmixturepreventionsair

During this time fewer people believed in ________________ causes of disease and people started believing in more rational explanations. One reason for this was the ________________ influence of the church. The development of the _________________________ in 1440 meant that the church no longer had to copy out the books and so could not __________ what people read. This meant that new ideas spread more quickly.Physicians realised that ___________ was not a good way of diagnosing disease and so stopped using urine charts. They also carried out more _______________________ of their patients.Thomas __________________ was a doctor in 1660s and 70s, he _______________ symptoms through observation and believed that you must treat the disease as a whole, not individual symptoms.The Royal _______________ was set up in 1660s and encouraged people to carry out experiments and share their findings. This meant that new ideas spread quickly between doctors.________________wrote Fabric of the Human Body and carried out dissections. He proved some of ___________’s ideas wrong and encouraged people to experiment.________________ discovered that the heart is a pump and that blood flows in one direction around the body. He disproved Galen’s theory that blood is made in the _____________.Harvey inspired other doctors to ___________________ and by 1700 his ideas were being taught in medical schools.Both Harvey and Vesalius were focused on _______________- the study of the human body- and so this did not help with treating disease.Renaissance Medicine: new ideas

Galen

anatomyliverPrinting pressurineVesaliusSydenhamobservationHarveyexperimentdecliningrecordedcontrolsocietysupernatural

By 1500 hospitals were treating more _____________ people but when Henry VIII closed the ____________________ in 1536 most hospitals were forced to close too.Some ________________ set up hospitals but it took a long time for there to be the same number as there had been in 1500. However these hospitals were run by ____________ and did actually treat the sick!Most people were still cared for at home by a female relative as ______________ were too expensive.People were more likely to change their clothes to keep clean and _____________ and rubbish was removed from the streets to stop miasma.Due to the ________________ of new countries there were lots of new herbs available for remedies.Physicians were still trained at _____________________ and focused on learning from books rather than _______________. Apothecaries still did not go to university.A ________________ was now needed to work as an _____________________ or surgeon and you could only get one by completing training.There were more medical _____________ available and they were more detailed. ________________ was legal but was not often used.Overall the _______________ of the body improved during this time, but there was little ___________________ in knowledge of what caused disease or how to treat it.Renaissance Medicine: Change/Continuity

sick

universitybooksknowledgelicensedoctorsphysicianscharitiesexperienceapothecarysewagedissectionexplorationprogressmonasteries

After the Black Death, plague continued to be a problem, but in 1665 there was another serious outbreak in _______________.People still blamed God for the disease, but fewer people thought that it was caused by the four humours. Most people thought that _____________ was the main cause.People realised that the plague could be spread by ______________ an infected person so this changed their approach to preventing the disease.The theory of transference meant that some people tried to ‘transfer’ the ____________ to something else, particularly birds.Victims were wrapped in _______________ and sat by the fire as people believed you could ______________ out the illness.The ___________________ took greater action-the Lord Mayor’s orders said that cats and dogs should be killed, _____________ should be burned in the streets, _____________ were closed and streets were cleaned.There were also rules that said the entire household would be _______________ into their house if someone in the family got the plague. They stayed there for 28 days.During the Great Plague carts collected the dead bodies after dark and buried them in _____________graves.Plague doctors wore _________________ to prevent them catching the disease. They had masks filled with herbs and the coat was leather or covered with wax to stop them contracting the disease from patients.Renaissance Case Study: The Great Plague

London

tartouchingmiasmadiseaselockedmasstheatressweatgovernmentblanketscostumes

Medieval period c.1250-c.1500 – Thinking QuiltColour code the corners of each box to represent the different factors that led to continuity:IndividualsThe ChurchGovernmentRespect for traditionEducationGalen’s 350 books used as the physician’s text books.Physicians – training took 7 years and was expensive – Church controlled education – few could afford it.God sent diseases – no need to look for further causes.

Lack of spread of new ideas – books copied by hand.

Fear of Hell prevented people from challenging the ideas of the Church.Doctors training involved reading Hippocrates and GalenHippocrates Four Humours basis of medicine.Dissections – trainees watched surgeons did not perform.No taxes were collected to improve health so no money was to experiment or research.

The Church supported the ideas of Galen.

Doctors were not trained to challenge ideas

–

Bacon was thrown in prison for challenging Galen.

The King’s government did not spend money on health or medicine.

Renaissance period c.1500-c.1700 – Thinking QuiltColour code the corners of each box to represent the different factors that led to change or continuityAdd a symbol for change and a symbol for continuity e.g + & -IndividualsThe ChurchGovernmentRespect for traditionSeeking improvementScience and technologyCommunicationSydenham 1600s–English Hippocrates: Placed great importance on observation for diagnosis.Doctors had believed in the accuracy of Galen’s work for so long it was hard for people to change that view.

The printing press 1450s meant that new ideas

could be spread quickly throughout Europe.The Renaissance ideas and discoveries is other areas of science, such as astronomy, encouraged people to question and experiment medical knowledge.William Harvey 1628 - Discovered the Heart was a pump. Was inspired by mechanic water pumps. He used experiments and observations.The Church was still powerful and told people that God controlled everything.Technology was gradually improving so that new equipment like microscopes made new discoveries possible.More doctors dissected bodies themselves and used the work of Vesalius and Harvey to discover more about the human body.

Some herbal remedies worked and discouraged people from finding

new ways to treat illnesses.

Andreas Vesalius 1543– Anatomist

mapped the whole body / skeleton.

The Royal Society,

1662 met to discuss new scientific discoveries, demonstrated experiments in their own lab and sponsored new developments and publications.

Governments did not spend money on trying to improve people’s health or finding out more about medicine apart

from when there was a major outbreak of plague.