Finish vocabulary cards from yesterday VOCABULARY QUIZ NEXT MONDAY TEST NEXT THURSDAY 4 MORE DAYS Types of Speciation Evolution amp Isolation Thursday January 22nd Currently there are ID: 904670
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Slide1
fRIDAY 1/23/2015
GRAB YOUR NOTEBOOKFinish vocabulary cards from yesterdayVOCABULARY QUIZ NEXT MONDAY!TEST NEXT THURSDAY! -4 MORE DAYS!
Slide2Types of Speciation, Evolution & Isolation
ThursdayJanuary 22nd
Slide3Currently there are
8.7 million species of “EUKARYOTES” -80% are still undiscovered
How did we end up with so many
species around the world
?
Slide4Speciation:
The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution
What is speciation?
Slide5Allopatric Speciation
Definition: new species evolves as a result of geographic isolation
Types of Speciation
Slide6Sympatric Speciation
Definition: new species evolves from single ancestor while living in same geographic niche (organism’s “place” in ecosystem)
Types of Speciation
Slide7Parapatric
SpeciationDefinition: new species evolves as a result of partial geographic isolation
as a result of occupying a
new/different niche
Types of Speciation
Slide8Divergent Evolution
Definition: new species evolves from a common ancestor
Types of Evolution
Slide9Convergent Evolution
Definition: unrelated species become similar as they adapt to similar environments
Types of Evolution
Slide10Parallel Evolution
Definition: development of a similar trait in related, but distinct, species descending from a common ancestor
Types of Evolution
Slide11Coevolution
Definition: influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution
Types of Evolution
Slide12Definition
: structures present in different organisms that have the same function but are structurally different and have different origins
Analogous structures
Slide13Definition
: structures present in different organisms that have the same underlying structure but may have different functions
Homologous structures
Slide14Prezygotic
Isolation
Types of isolation
Definition
: reproductive isolation preventing a zygote
Example
: geographic, behavioral, mechanical
Slide15Geographic Isolation
Definition: When a population is divided into two or more smaller populations due to PHYSICAL BARRIERS. This
can occur when rivers change course, mountains rise, continents drift, or organisms migrate.
Example: Northern Spotted Owl and Mexican Spotted Owl
Slide16Behavioral Isolation
Defition: Two species do not mate because of differences in courtship behavior.Example: Blue footed boobies (mating dance), birds (mating song), nocturnal versus diurnal
Slide17Postzygotic
Isolation
Types of isolation
Horse
Donkey
Hybrid = Mule
Can
NOT
reproduce
Definition
: reproductive isolation that occurs after two species have mated
Example
: hybrid mule offspring are infertile
Slide18Let’s practice!
Get one white board per table
Slide19The kit
fox lives in the desert where its coat helps disguise it from its predators. The red fox lives in forests where its red coat blends into its surroundings.
What Type of
evolution
is this?
Divergent Evolution
Slide20Yucca flowers are a certain shape so only that tiny moth can pollinate them. The moths lay their eggs in the yucca flowers and the larvae (caterpillars) live in the developing ovary and eat yucca seeds.
What Type of
evolution
is this?
Coevolution
Slide21There are species,
found in Australia, Africa, and America. Though not related, they all evolved the "tools" necessary to subsist on an ant diet: a long, sticky tongue, few teeth, a rugged stomach, and large salivary glands.
What Type of
evolution
is this?
Convergent Evolution
Slide22The woolly mammoth (extinct) and the modern elephant both share a similar structural appearance of their trunk and tusks. They share a common ancestor and developed similar traits.
What Type of
evolution
is this?
Parallel Evolution
Slide23When Arizona's Grand Canyon formed, squirrels and other small mammals that had once been part of a single population could no longer contact and reproduce with each other across this new geographic barrier.
What Type of
SPECIATION
is this?
Allopatric Speciation
Slide24Some
grass the grow around mines are tolerant of heavy metals in soil. Meanwhile, neighboring grasses don't live in polluted soil, but they occupy a continuous geographic population. The two grasses have evolved different flowering times (niche).
What Type of
SPECIATION
is this?
Parapatric
Speciation
Slide25T
he apple maggot lays its eggs inside an apple, causing it to rot. As the apple falls from the tree, the maggots dig in the ground and emerge as flies later. The original hawthorn species still only lays its eggs in hawthorn apples.
What Type of
SPECIATION
is this?
Sympatric Speciation
Slide26The Red-legged Frog (
Rana aurora, left) breeding season lasts from January to March. The closely related Yellow-legged Frog (Rana boylii, right) breeds from late March through May.
What Type of
ISOLATION
is this?
Prezygotic
Isolation
Slide27A zygote may form with union of sperm and egg from the two species, but the embryo dies after a few cell divisions. The genetic information from male and female parents is insufficient to
produce a viable offspring.
What Type of
ISOLATION
is this?
Postzygotic
Isolation
Slide28Viable hybrid is produced (often physically more vigorous than either parent), but is unable to reproduce
(sterile). Ex: zorse, grolar bear
What Type of
ISOLATION
is this?
Postzygotic
Isolation
Slide29In some snail species, the direction of shell coiling is controlled by a single (maternal effect) gene. Snails with left-coiling shells cannot mate with snails having right-coiling shells.
What Type of
ISOLATION
is this?
Prezygotic
Isolation
Slide30Similar function, different structure, different origin
What Type of
STRUCTURE
is this?
Analogous Structure
Slide31Same underlying structure, different function
What Type of
STRUCTURE
is this?
Homologous Structure
Slide32Cladograms
Slide33Cladograms are used to…
Organize organisms based on evolutionary relationships (phylogeny).In other words… who is related to who and where did we come from…
Slide34How are cladograms constructed?
Organisms are grouped together based on their shared derived characteristics (trait modified from the ancestral trait).
Slide35What do you know?
Using the cladogram, which animals have claws/nails? (Hint: 4)
Which animals have fur/mammary glands?
(Hint 2)
To what is the chimp most closely related to?
Slide36Look at the cladogram at the right. What conclusions can be drawn about the relationship between humans and chimps?
Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_05
Slide37How to read a Cladogram
This diagram shows a relationship between 4 relatives. These relatives share a common ancestor at the root of the tree.Note that this diagram is also a timeline. The older organism is at the bottom of the tree.
The four descendents at the top of the tree are DIFFERENT species. This is called SPECIATION.
Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_05
Slide38Branches on the tree represent SPECIATION, the formation of a new species.
The event that causes the speciation is shown as the fork of the “V”.
Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_05
Slide39Species B and C each have characteristics that are unique only to them.
But they also share some part of their history with species A. This shared history is the common ancestor.
Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_05
Slide40A
CLADE is a group of organisms that come from a common ancestor.If you cut a branch of the tree, you could remove all the organisms that make up a CLADE.
Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_06