for the Federal Republic of Germany - PDF document

1 Basic Law for the Federal Republic of G
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany Basic Law for the Federal Republic 23 May 1949 Last amended on 29 September 2020 Translated by: Professor Christian Tomuschat, Professor David P. Currie, Professor Donald P. Kommers and Raymond Kerr, in cooperation with the Contents Berlin is the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany. by federal law..––Principle of subsidiarity]&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;With a view to establishing a united Europe, the Federal Republic of Germany shall participate in the development of the European Union that is committed to democratic, social and federal principles, to the rule of law and

2 to the principle of subsidiarity and tha
to the principle of subsidiarity and that guarantees a level of protection of basic rights essentially comparable to that afforded by this Basic Law. T II. The Federation and the Länder 28 shall apply, , &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ;The home is inviolable.&#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;Searches may be authorised only by a judge or, when time a law, technical means of acoustical surveillance of any home To avert acute dangers to public safety, especially dangers the home may be employed only pursuant to judicial order. may be ordered by an authority designated by a law. The decision shall subsequently be obtained without delay. I

3 . Basic Rights 21 an individual or, p
. Basic Rights 21 an individual or, pursuant to a lawdanger to public safety and order, in particular to relieve , in particular to relieve ––&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;Property and the right of inheritance shall be guaranteed. Their content and limits shall be de“ned by the laws.&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;Property entails obligations. Its use shall also serve the public good.&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000; (3) &#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;Expropriation shall only be permissible for the public good. It may only be ordered by or

4 pursuant to a law that deter&#x/MCI;
pursuant to a law that deter&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;mines the nature and extent of compensation. Such com&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;pensation shall be determined by establishing an equitable balance between the public interest and the interests of those affected. In case of dispute concerning the amount of compensation, recourse may be had to the ordinary courts. &#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;Article 15 [Nationalisation] &#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;Land, natural resources and means of production may, for determines the nature and ext

5 ent of compensation. With I. Basic Ri
ent of compensation. With I. Basic Rights 22 –&#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;No German may be deprived of his citizenship. Loss of citizen ship may occur only pursuant to a law and, if it ship may occur only pursuant to a law and, if it &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;Persons persecuted on political grounds shall have the right of asylum.&#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;Paragraph (1) of this Article may not be invoked by a person who enters the federal territory from a member state of the European Communities or from another third state in which application of the Convention Relating to the

6 Status of Refugees and of the Convention
Status of Refugees and of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms is assured. The states outside the European Communities to which the conditions referred to in the “rst sentence of this paragraph apply shall be speci“ed by a law requiring the consent of the Bundesrat. In the cases speci“ed in the “rst sentence of this paragraph, measures to terminate an applicants stay I. Basic Rights 23 terminate an applicants stay may be suspended by a court garded. Details shall be determined by a law. I. Basic Rights 24 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;Whoever abuses the freedom of expression, in particular the freedom of the press (paragraph (1) of Ar

7 ticle 5), the freedom of teaching (parag
ticle 5), the freedom of teaching (paragraph (3) of Article 5), the free&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ;-&#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;dom of assembly (Article 8), the freedom of association (Article 9), the privacy of correspondence, posts and tele&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;-&#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;communications (Article 10), the rights of property (Article &#x/MCI; 22;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 22;&#x 000;14)&#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000; or the right of asylum (Article 16a) in order to combat the free democratic basic order shall forfeit these basic rights. This forfeiture and its extent shall be declared by the Federal Constitutional Court. &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;Art

8 icle 19 [Restriction of basic rights

icle 19 [Restriction of basic rights – Legal remedies]&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;Insofar as, under this Basic Law, a basic right may be restricted by or pursuant to a law, such law must apply s rights be violated by public authority, I. Basic Rights 25 II. The Federation and the Länder 26 –&#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;The Federal Republic of Germany is a democratic and social federal state.&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;All state authority is derived from the people. It shall be exercised by the people through elections and other votes and throu

9 gh speci“c legislative, executive a
gh speci“c legislative, executive and judicial bodies.&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ; (3) &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;The legislature shall be bound by the constitutional order, , &#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;Mindful also of its responsibility towards future genera&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;tions, the state shall protect the natural foundations of life and animals by legislation and, in accordance with law and justice, by executive and judicial action, all within the framework of the constitutional order. II. The Federation and the Länder 27 for infringing the principle of subsidiarity. The Bundestag by a la

10 w.matters, insofar as the Federation has
w.matters, insofar as the Federation has legislative power, the into account. To the extent that the legislative powers of the II. The Federation and the Länder 29 [Transfer of sovereign powers – System of collective , by a law, transfer sovereign powers to and to perform state functions, they may, with the consent , with the consent &#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;The general rules of international law shall be an integral part of federal law. They shall take precedence over habi tants of the federal territory. II. The Federation and the Länder 30 –Land law]&#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;Law that was enacted as federal law but that, b

11 y virtue of the amendment of paragraph (
y virtue of the amendment of paragraph (1) of Article 74, the insertion of the seventh sentence of paragraph (1) of Article 84, of the second sentence of paragraph (1) of Article 85 or of the second sentence of paragraph (2a) of Article 105 or because of the repeal of Articles 74a, 75 or the second sentence of paragraph (3) of Article 98, could no longer be enacted as federal law shall remain in force as federal law. It may be law.federal law. A federal law may provide that it may be law. law. It may be superseded by federal law. . –power of the Länder]&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;Law that was enacted pursuant to Article 75 as it stood up to 1 Sep

12 tember 2006 and which could be enacted a
tember 2006 and which could be enacted as federal law even after this date shall remain in force as federal law. may enact regulations that deviate from this law; however, XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 120 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;During a state of defence the federal legislative process shall be governed by the provisions of paragraphs (2) and &#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ;(3)&#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ; of this Article without regard to the provisions of para&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;-&#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;graph (2) of Article 76, the second sentence of paragraph &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;(1)&#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8

13 ; and paragraphs (2) to (4) of Article
; and paragraphs (2) to (4) of Article 77, Article 78 and paragraph (1) of Article 82.&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;Federal Government bills that the Government designates as urgent shall be forwarded to the Bundesrat at the same time as they are submitted to the Bundestag. The Bundestag and the Bundesrat shall debate such bills in joint session without delay. Insofar as the consent of the Bundesrat is . Insofar as the consent of the Bundesrat is &#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;If, during a state of defence, the Joint Committee by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast, which shall inclu

14 de at least a majority of its members, d
de at least a majority of its members, determines that insur&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;mountable obstacles prevent the timely convening of the Bundestag or that the Bundestag cannot muster a quorum, the Joint Committee shall occupy the position of both the Bundestag and the Bundesrat and shall exercise their powers as a single body. –of instruction]&#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;During a state of defence the Federal Government, to the extent that circumstances require, may: &#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ;1. &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;employ the Federal Border Police throughout the federal terri

15 tory; &#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;2.
tory; &#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;2. &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;issue instructions not only to federal administrative authorities but also to Land governments and, if it deems the matter urgent, to Land authorities and may delegate this power to members of Land governments designated by it.&#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;The Bundestag, the Bundesrat and the Joint Committee shall be informed without delay of the measures taken in accordance with paragraph (1) of this Article. &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;Article 115g [Federal Constitutional Court] &#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;Neither the constitutional status nor the performance of the constitut

16 ional functions of the Federal Constitut
ional functions of the Federal Constitutional Court or its judges may be impaired. The law governing the Federal Constitutional Court may be amended by a law enacted by the Joint Committee only insofar as the Federal Constitutional Court agrees is necessary to ensure that it can continue to perform its functions. Pending the enact&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;ment of such a law, the Federal Constitutional Court may new Federal Chancellor, it shall do so by the votes of , it shall do so by the votes of Land governments]&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;If the competent federal

17 bodies are not in a position to take the
bodies are not in a position to take the measures necessary to avert the danger, and if the situaparticular areas of the federal territory, the ments or the authorities or representatives they desig nate Government, or, with respect to subordinate federal authorities, by Minister-Presidents of defence. After such termination they may, with the conrevert to the provisions of Titles VIIIa and X. itles VIIIa and X. –&#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;The Bundestag, with the consent of the Bundesrat, may at any time repeal laws enacted by the Joint Committee. The Bundesrat may demand that the Bundestag reach a decision on this question. Any measures taken by the Joint Comm

18 it&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 1
it&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;tee or by the Federal Government to avert a danger shall be rescinded if the Bundestag and the Bundesrat so decide.&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;The Bundestag, with the consent of the Bundesrat, may at any time, by a decision to be promulgated by the Federal President, declare a state of defence terminated. The Bun&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;desrat may demand that the Bundestag reach a decision on this question. A state of defence shall be declared termi nated without delay if

19 the conditions for determining law. Tr
the conditions for determining law. Transitional and Concluding Unless otherwise provided by a law, a German within the political, racial or religious grounds and their descen dants dants &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;Law which is inconsistent with paragraph (2) of Article 3 of this Basic Law shall remain in force until adapted to that provision, but not beyond 31 March 1953.&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;Laws that restrict freedom of movement in view of the present accommodation shortage shall remain in force until repealed by a federal law. [New delimitation of Baden and Württemb

20 erg] federal law, which shall provide fo
erg] federal law, which shall provide for an advisory referen XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 116 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ;The division of the territory comprising Berlin and Brandenburg into Länder may be revised, without regard to the provisions of Article 29, by agreement between the two Länder with the participation of their inhabitants who are entitled to vote. &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;Article 119 [Refugees and expellees] &#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ;In matters relating to refugees and expellees, especially as regards their distribution among the Länder, the Federal Government, with the consent of the Bundesrat, may issue statutory instruments having the force of law, pend

21 ing set tlement of the matter by a feder
ing set tlement of the matter by a federal law. In this connecindivid ual instructions in particular cases. Unless time is ual instructions in particular cases. Unless time is –&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;The Federation shall “nance the expenditures for occupa&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;-&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;tion costs and other internal and external burdens resulting from the war, as regulated in detail by federal laws. Tcosts of social security, including unemployment insurance XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 117 quences of the war..&#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI;

22 7 ;Laws implementing the equalisation of
7 ;Laws implementing the equalisation of burdens may, with Within the meaning of this Basic Law, a majority of the of their members speci“ed by a law. . &#x/MCI; 24;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 24;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;From the date on which the Bundestag “rst convenes, laws shall be enacted only by the legislative bodies recognised by this Basic Law. XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 118 leg islative process in an advisory capacity whose compeislative process in an advisory capacity whose compe&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;Law in force before the Bundestag “rst convenes shall remain in force insofar as it does

23 not con”ict with this Basic Law.co
not con”ict with this Basic Law.continue to be valid under general principles of law, until XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 119 and (4) of Article 85 shall apply, the Federal Minister of be substantially facilitated or improved thereby, a federal this paragraph may, with regard to collaboration between of a majority speci“ed in the law, rules for the execution of tially facilitated or improved thereby. The apportionment of costs may be regulated by a federal law.thor i ties shall be prescribed by a federal law. The procedures to be revenue authorities or, as provided by federal law..Länder]&#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;The Federation

24 and the Länder shall be autonomous and
and the Länder shall be autonomous and independent of one another in the management of their respective budgets.&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;The Federation and the Länder shall jointly discharge the obligations of the Federal Republic of Germany resulting from legal acts of the European Community for the main&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;tenance of budgetary discipline pursuant to Article 104 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community and shall, s “nancial capacity. For such exceptional regimes, a governing budgetary law, cyclically appropriate sis of the pro

25 visions of Article 104 of the Treaty Est
visions of Article 104 of the Treaty Establish at a ratio of 65 to 35 per cent. In solidarity, the , the &#x/MCI; 24;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 24;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;To avoid a budgetary emergency, a federal law requiring threat of a budgetary emergency, legal acts based on the Treaty on the Functioning of the &#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;All revenues and expenditures of the Federation shall be included in the budget; in the case of federal enterprises and special trusts, only payments to or remittances from them need be included. The budget shall be balanced with respect to revenues and expenditures.&#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7

26 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;T
; (2) &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;The budget for one or more “scal years shall be set forth in a law enacted before the beginning of the “rst year and making separate provision for each year. The law may to comment on such bills within six weeks or, in the case of Budget Act or, in the event of an authorisation pursuant to , in the event of an authorisation pursuant to &#x/MCI; 26;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 26;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;If, by the end of a “scal year, the budget for the following year has not been adopted by a law, the Federal Govern of a previous year..&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;Expenditures in excess of budgetary appropriations or for p

27 urposes not contemplated by the budget s
urposes not contemplated by the budget shall require the consent of the Federal Minister of Finance. Such consent may be given only in the event of an unforeseen and unavoidable necessity. Details may be regulated by a . Details may be regulated by a &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;Laws that increase the budget expenditures proposed by the Federal Government or entail or will bring about new expenditures shall require the consent of the Federal Government. This requirement shall also apply to laws that entail or will bring about decreases in revenue. The Federal Government may demand that the Bundestag postpone its vote on bills to this effect. In this event the Federal Gove

28 rnment shall submit its comments to the
rnment shall submit its comments to the Bundestag within six weeks.&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;Within four weeks after the Bundestag has adopted such a law, the Federal Government may demand that it vote on &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;For the purpose of discharging the Federal Government, the Federal Minister of Finance shall submit annually to the Bundestag and to the Bundesrat an account for the preced&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;ing “scal year of all revenues and expenditures as well as of assets and debts. &#x/MCI; 13;

29 &#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;(2) &#x/
&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;(2) &#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;The Federal Court of Audit, whose members shall enjoy judicial independence, shall audit the account and deter&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;mine whether public “nances have been properly and ef“ciently administered by the Federation. For the purpose of the audit pursuant to the “rst sentence of this paragraph, the Federal Court of Audit may also conduct surveys of authorities outside the federal administration; this shall also apply in cases in which the Federation allocates to the Länder ring-fenced “nancing for the performance of tasks incu

30 mbent on the Länder. It shall submit an
mbent on the Länder. It shall submit an annual report directly to the Bundestag and the Bundesrat as well as to the Federal Government. In other respects the powers of the Federal Court of Audit shall be regulated by a federal law. . &#x/MCI; 24;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 24;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;The borrowing of funds and the assumption of surety oblig ations, guarantees or other commitments that may be taken into account symmetrically. Deviations of actual ing from the credit limit, requires a federal law. In cases the states “nancial capacity Xa. State of Defence 108 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;Any determination tha

31 t the federal territory is under attack
t the federal territory is under attack by armed force or imminently threatened with such an attack (state of defence) shall be made by the Bundestag with the consent of the Bundesrat. Such determination shall be made on application of the Federal Government and shall require a two-thirds majority of the votes cast, which shall include at least a majority of the Members of the Bundestag.&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;If the situation imperatively calls for immediate action and if insurmountable obstacles prevent the timely convening of the Bundestag or the Bundestag cannot muster a quorum, the Joint Committee shall make this determination by a two-thirds majority of the vot

32 es cast, which shall include at least a
es cast, which shall include at least a majority of its members.&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ; (3) &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;The determination shall be promulgated by the Federal President in the Federal Law Gazette pursuant to Article &#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;82.&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000; If this cannot be done in time, promulgation shall be effected in another manner; the determination shall be printed in the Federal Law Gazette as soon as circum&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;-&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;stances permit.&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000; (4) &#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;If the federal ter

33 ritory is under attack by armed force, a
ritory is under attack by armed force, and if the competent federal authorities are not in a position at once to make the determination provided for in the “rst sentence of paragraph (1) of this Article, the determination shall be deemed to have been made and promulgated at the time the attack began. The Federal President shall an nounce that time as soon as circumstances permit. &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ;Upon the promulgation of a state of defence the power of command over the Armed Forces shall pass to the Federal Chancellor. . &#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;The Federation shall have the right to legislate concurrently for a state of defence even with respec

34 t to matters within the legislative powe
t to matters within the legislative powers of the Länder. Such laws shall re quire the consent of the Bundesrat.To the extent required by circumstances during a state of To the extent necessary to repel an existing or imminently threatened attack, a federal law for a state of defence may, regard to Titles VIII, VIIIa and X of this Basic Lawof paragraph (2) of this Article may, for the purpose of ber 2008, however, they may deviate from regulations on , they may deviate from regulations on of joint tasks]&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;Law that was enacted by virtue of paragraph (2) of Article 91a in conjunction with item 1 of paragraph (1)

35 as it stood up to 1 September 2006 shall
as it stood up to 1 September 2006 shall continue in force until 31 DeMunicipal Transport Infrastructure Financing Act, as well Municipal Transport Infrastructure Financing Act shall be 104b shall apply, XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 121 as federal law] &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;Disagreements concerning the continued applicability of law as federal law shall be resolved by the Federal Constitutional Court. &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;Article 127 [Extension of law to the French zone and to Berlin] &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;Within one year after promulgation of this Basic Law the XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 122 that henceforth have competence over the subject ma

36 tter. In grant such authority, it shall
tter. In grant such authority, it shall be exercised by the authorities law.apply, [Transfer of existing administrative institutions], as well as the Administrative Union of South West and Telecommunications Services for the French Occupathe Bundesrat, shall provide for their transfer, dissolution competent Federal Minister.highest federal authority. XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 123 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ;The legal relations of persons, including refugees and expellees, who on 8 May 1945 were employed in the public service, have left the service for reasons other than those recognised by civil service regulations or collective bar&#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;-&#x/MCI; 3

37 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ;gain ing agreements an
;&#x/MCI; 3 ;gain ing agreements and have not yet been reinstated or are previously held shall be regulated by a federal law. The same . The same &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;Civil servants and judges who enjoy life tenure when this Basic Law takes effect may, within six months after the ferred to lower-salaried positions if they lack the personal provision shall apply, accor dance with paragraph (4) of Article 19. XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 124 Economic Area] &#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;The Federation shall succeed to the rights and duties of the Administration of the Combined Economic Area. &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;Article 134 [Succes

38 sion to Reich assets]&#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x
sion to Reich assets]&#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;Reich assets shall, in principle, become federal assets.&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;Insofar as such assets were originally intended to be used principally for administrative tasks not entrusted to the Federation under this Basic Law, they shall be transferred , they shall be transferred Länder]&#x/MCI; 25;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 25;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000;If, after 8 May 1945 and before the effective date of this Basic Law, an area has passed from one to another, the XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 125 temporarily

39 , shall pass to the re ferred to in para
, shall pass to the re ferred to in paragraph (1) of this Article.institutions established under public law, shall be regulated Details shall be regulated by a federal law, which may also XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 126 Paragraph (1) of this Article shall apply, , &#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;The Bundesrat shall convene for the “rst time on the day on which the Bundestag “rst convenes.&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;Until the election of the “rst Federal President, his powers shall be exercised by the President of the Bundesrat. He shall

40 not have authority to dissolve the Bunde
not have authority to dissolve the Bundestag. &#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;Article 137 [Right of state employees to stand for election]&#x/MCI; 23;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 23;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;The right of civil servants, other salaried public em ploy ees, XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 127 ex er Eco nomic Area, which shall make determinations in nomic Area, which shall make determinations in &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;Changes in the rules governing the notarial profession as it now exists in the Länder of Baden, Bavaria, Württem&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;-&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;berg-Baden and WÃ

41 ¼rttemberg-Hohenzollern shall require th
¼rttemberg-Hohenzollern shall require the consent of the governments of these Länder. &#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;Article 139 &#x/MCI; 22;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 22;&#x 000;=%QPVKPWGFCRRNKECDKNKV[QHFGPC\KƂECVKQPRTQXKUKQPU? &#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;The legal provisions enacted for the Liberation of the German People from National Socialism and MilitarismŽ shall not be affected by the provisions of this Basic Law. . &#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;The provisions of Articles 136, 137, 138, 139 and 141 of the German Constitution of 11 August 1919 shall be an integral part of this Basic Law. XI. Transitional an

42 d Concluding Provisions 128 Land const
d Concluding Provisions 128 Land constitutions] &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ;Notwithstanding Article 31, provisions of Land constitutions shall also remain in force insofar as they guarantee basic rights in conformity with Articles 1 to 18 of this Basic Law. . &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;The law in the territory speci“ed in Article 3 of the Uni&#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;-&#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;“cation Treaty may derogate from provisions of this Basic Derogations from Titles II, VIII, VIIIa, IX, X and XI shall Article 41 of the Uni“cation Treaty and the rules for its imrights in the territory speci“ed in Article 3 of this Treatyreaty

43 &#x/MCI; 25;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 25;
&#x/MCI; 25;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 25;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;The Federation shall have exclusive power to legislate with respect to all matters arising from the transformation of fed er ness enterprises. Paragraph (5) of Article 87e shall apply, their legal status or the responsibility of their employer. XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 129 [Transformation of the Deutsche Bundespost]federal law. The Federation shall have exclusive power to Bundespost Telekom. The Federation may not surrender the responsibility of their employer. The enterprises shall s authority. Details shall be regulated by a federal law. . &#x/MCI; 23;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 23;&#x 000

44 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 22;&#x 000;&#x/MCI;&#
; (1) &#x/MCI; 22;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 22;&#x 000;From 1 January 2007 until 31 December 2019, the Länder shall be entitled to receive annual payments from the federal budget as compensation for losing the Federations XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 130 vid ual [Transitional provisions relating to consolidation XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 131 Article 115; details shall be regulated by federal law.global amount of 800 million euros annually. The respective amounts are 300 million euros for Bremen, 260 million y. XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 132 800 million euros annually from 1 January 2020. Tcapacity. Details shall be regulated by a federal law

45 rebud getary emergencygetary emergencyad
rebud getary emergencygetary emergencyadministration]&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (2) of Article 90, the federal motorways shall be administered on federal commission by the Länder or such self-governing bodies as are competent under Land law until no later than 31 De&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;cember 2020. The Federation shall regulate the transforma&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;tion from commissioned administration to federal adminis&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/

46 MCI; 16;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 17;&#x
MCI; 16;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;tration under paragraphs (2) and (4) of Article 90 by means of a federal law requiring the consent of the Bundesrat.&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;At the request of a Land, to be made by 31 December 2018, the Federation, notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph &#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;(2)&#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000; of Article 90, shall assume administrative responsibility for the other federal trunk roads, insofar as they lie within the territory of that Land, with effect from 1 January 2021.&#x/MCI; 22;&#x 000;&#x/MCI;

47 22;&#x 000; (3) &#x/MCI; 23;&#x 000
22;&#x 000; (3) &#x/MCI; 23;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 23;&#x 000;By a federal law with the consent of the Bundesrat, it may be regulated that a Land, upon application, takes over, on XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 133 of government] &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;Article 143d, the Act regulating Revenue Sharing between the Federation and the Länder (Financial Equalisation Act) and other laws enacted on the basis of paragraph (2) of Article 107 as it stands from 1 January 2020 shall expire if, after 31 December 2030, the Federal Government, the Bundestag or at least three Länder acting jointly have re quest ed negotiations on a restructuring of “nancial relations within the federal sys

48 tem of government and, when “ve yea
tem of government and, when “ve years have elapsed since the Federal President was noti“ed of the negotiation request made by the Federal Government, the Bundestag or the Länder, no statutory re&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;-&#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;structuring of “nancial relations within the federal system of government has entered into force. The expiry date shall be published in the Federal Law Gazette. &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;Article 143g [Continued applicability of Article 107] &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;For the regulation of the distribution of tax revenue, of “nancial equalisation between Länder and of federal sup&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;-&#x/MCI; 1

49 0;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;plemen
0;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;plementary grants, Article 107 as it stood until the entry into force of the Basic Law Amendment Act of 13 July 2017 shall continue to be applied until 31 December 2019. &#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;Article 144 &#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;=4CVKƂECVKQPQHVJG$CUKE.CYs$GTNKP?&#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;This Basic Law shall require rati“cation by the parliaments of two thirds of the German Länder in which it is initially to apply. XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 134 &#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ; (1) &

50 #x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;The Parli
#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;The Parliamentary Council, with the participation of the members for Greater Berlin, shall con“rm the rati“cation of this Basic Law in public session and shall certify and promulgate it.&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;This Basic Law shall take effect at the end of the day on which it is promulgated.&#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ; (3) &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;It shall be published in the Federal Law Gazette. &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;Article 146 [Duration of the Basic Law] &#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;This Basic Law, which, since the achievement of the unity and freedom of Germany, applies to the entire

51 German XI. Transitional and Concludi
German XI. Transitional and Concluding Provisions 135 (Weimar Constitution) into a persons membership of a religious society only to or ceremony, to participate in religious exercises or to take tion of the state or the civil community.the general provisions of civil law.their members give assurance of their permanency. If two Extracts from the German Constitution of 11 August 1919 law.basis of a law, contract or special grant shall be redeemed To the extent that a need exists for religious services and pastoral work in the army, in hospitals, in prisons or in Extracts from the German Constitution of 11 August 1919 Design: Regelindis Westphal Gra“k-Design, Printed by: Druckhaus Waiblingen

52 Remstal-Bote GmbH, WThis publication has
Remstal-Bote GmbH, WThis publication has been produced as part of the German Bundestags –&#x/MCI; 11; 00;&#x/MCI; 11; 00;of the 125c [Continued applicability of law within the scope of joint tasks] [Continued applicability of law within the scope of joint tasks] as federal law] &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;122 &#x/MCI; 12; 00;&#x/MCI; 12; 00;Art.&#x/MCI; 12;
00;&#x/MCI; 12;
00; 127 [Extension of law to the French zone and to Berlin] 128 [Continued authority to issue instructions] 129 [Continued authority to issue legal acts] 130 [Transfer of existing administrative institutions] 131 [Persons formerly in the public service] 132 [R

53 etirement of civil servants] 133 [Succes
etirement of civil servants] 133 [Succession to the Administration of the Combined Economic Area] 134 [Succession to Reich assets] 135 [Assets in case of territorial changes between the 135a [Old debts] 136 [First convening of the Bundesrat] 137 [Right of state employees to stand for election] 138 [South German notaries] 140 [Law of religious denominations] 142 [Reservation in favour of basic rights in 142a (repealed) 143 [Duration of derogations from the Basic Law] 143a [Exclusive legislative power concerning federal railways] 143b [Transformation of the Deutsche Bundespost] 143c [Compensation for the cessation of joint tasks] 143d [Transitional provisions relating to consolidation assistance] ransit

54 ional provisions relating to consolidati
ional provisions relating to consolidation assistance] administration] &#x/MCI; 79;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 79;&#x 000;133 &#x/MCI; 17;� 00;&#x/MCI; 17;� 00;Art. &#x/MCI; 16; 00;&#x/MCI; 16; 00;143f [Financial relations within the federal system of government] 143g [Continued applicability of Article 107] 145 [Entry into force of the Basic Law] 146 [Duration of the Basic Law] (Weimar Constitution) the Federal Republic of Germany, which was adopted by the its Presidents, has signed and promulgated the Basic Law. exercise of their constituent power, have adopted this Basic Law. lin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, North Rhine-WRhi

55 neland-Palatinate, Saarland, Saxony, Sax
neland-Palatinate, Saarland, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, I. Basic Rights 14 ––of basic rights]&#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;Human dignity shall be inviolable. To respect and protect it shall be the duty of all state authority.inalienable human rights as the basis of every community, executive and the judiciary as directly applicable law. . &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;Every person shall have the right to free development of his personality insofar as he does not violate the rights of oth&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;ers or offend against the constitutional ord

56 er or the moral law.integrity. Freedom o
er or the moral law.integrity. Freedom of the person shall be inviolable. These . Freedom of the person shall be inviolable. These &#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;All persons shall be equal before the law.favoured because of disability. I. Basic Rights 15 shall be regulated by a federal law. . &#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;Every person shall have the right freely to express and disseminate his opinions in speech, writing and pictures and to inform himself without hindrance from generally accessible sources. Freedom of the press and freedom of reporting by means of broadcasts and “lms shall be gua

57 ran&#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;-&#x/
ran&#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;-&#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;teed. There shall be no censorship.&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;These rights shall “nd their limits in the provisions of general laws, in provisions for the protection of young persons and in the right to personal honour..––&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;Marriage and the family shall enjoy the special protection of the state.&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;The care and upbringing of children is the natural right of parents and a duty prim

58 arily incumbent upon them. The state sha
arily incumbent upon them. The state shall watch over them in the performance of this duty.of the community. I. Basic Rights 16 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;The entire school system shall be under the supervision of the state.&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;Parents and guardians shall have the right to decide whe th nominational schools. Without prejudice to the states concerned. Teachers may not be obliged against their will not be encouraged thereby. Approval shall be withheld if that type exists in the municipality. I. Basic Rights 17 In the case of outdoor assemblies, this right may be restric ted by or pursuant to a law

59 . . &#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ; (1)
. . &#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;All Germans shall have the right to form societies and other associations.&#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;Associations whose aims or activities contravene the criminal laws or that are directed against the constitutional order or the concept of international understanding shall be prohibited.&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ; (3) &#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;The right to form associations to safeguard and improve working and economic conditions shall be guaranteed to every individual and to every occupation or profession. Agreements that restrict or seek to impair this right shall be nu

60 ll and void; measures directed to this e
ll and void; measures directed to this end shall be unlawful. Measures taken pursuant to Article 12a, to para&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;graphs (2) and (3) of Article 35, to paragraph (4) of Article 87a or to Article 91 may not be directed against industrial disputes engaged in by associations within the meaning of the “rst sentence of this paragraph in order to safeguard and improve working and economic conditions. &#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;Article 10 [Privacy of correspondence, posts and telecommunications]&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;The priva

61 cy of correspondence, posts and telecomm
cy of correspondence, posts and telecommuni&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;cations shall be inviolable.&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;Restrictions may be ordered only pursuant to a law. If the I. Basic Rights 18 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;All Germans shall have the right to move freely throughout the federal territory.munity, or in which such restriction is necessary to avert natural disaster, to protect young persons from serious , to protect young persons from serious &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI;

62 9 ;All Germans shall have the right fre
9 ;All Germans shall have the right freely to choose their occu pation or profession, their place of work and their fession may be regulated by or pursuant to a law..&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;Men who have attained the age of eighteen may be required to serve in the Armed Forces, in the Federal Border Police, or in a civil defence organisation.&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;Any person who, on grounds of conscience, refuses to render military service involving the use of arms may be required to perform alternative service. The duration of alternative service shall not

63 exceed that of military service. Details
exceed that of military service. Details shall be regulated by a law, which shall not interfere I. Basic Rights 19 of this Article may, when a state of defence is in effect, to meet their basic requirements or to guarantee their safety.services by or pursuant to a law. Under no circumstances or pursuant to a law. In this case the “rst sentence of this I. Basic Rights 20 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;Acts tending to and undertaken with intent to disturb the peaceful relations between nations, especially to prepare for a war of aggression, shall be unconstitutional. They shall be criminalised.&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI;&

64 #xD 4 ;Weapons designed for warfare may
#xD 4 ;Weapons designed for warfare may be manufactured, transGovernment. Details shall be regulated by a federal law. . Land constitutions – Autonomy of municipalities]&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;The constitutional order in the Länder must conform to the principles of a republican, democratic and social state governed by the rule of law within the meaning of this Basic Law. In each pean Community law. In municipalities a local assembly may take the place of an elected body.prescribed by the laws. Within the limits of their functions II. The Federation and the Länder 31 &#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/M

65 CI; 4 ;The division of the federal t
CI; 4 ;The division of the federal territory into Länder may be revised to ensure that each Land be of a size and capacity to perform its functions effectively. Due regard shall be effected by a federal law, which must be con“rmed by in the same way. The proposal shall not take effect if, within , a major i the change; however, such rejection shall be of no conse II. The Federation and the Länder 32 federal law, which may also provide that the same petition II. The Federation and the Länder 33 Land’s territory, the referen clause of the “fth sentence shall not apply. In a referendum be regulated by a federal law. The agreement shall require Länder] &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6

66 ;Except as otherwise provided or permitt
;Except as otherwise provided or permitted by this Basic Law, the exercise of state powers and the discharge of state , the exercise of state powers and the discharge of state &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;Federal law shall take precedence over Land law. II. The Federation and the Länder 34 by public law.him, violates his of“cial duty to a third party, liability shall to claims for compensation or indemnity. . during disasters]&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;All federal and Land authorities shall render legal and administrative assistance to one another. II. The Federation and the Länder 35 great dif“culty. In order to re

67 spond to a grave accident or a natural d
spond to a grave accident or a natural disaster, a admin istrative authorities, of the Armed Forces or of the is necessary to combat the danger, may instruct the II. The Federation and the Länder 36 III. The Bundestag 37 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;Members of the German Bundestag shall be elected in general, direct, free, equal and secret elections. They shall be representatives of the whole people, not bound by orders or instructions and responsible only to their conscience.&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;Any person who has attained the age of eighteen shall be entitled to vote; any person who has attained the age of majority

68 may be elected.&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI;
may be elected.&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ; (3) &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;Details shall be regulated by a federal law. . –&#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;Save the following provisions, the Bundestag shall be elected for four years. Its term shall end when a new Bundestag convenes. New elections shall be held no sooner than forty-six months and no later than forty-eight months after the electoral term begins. If the Bundestag is dissolved, new elections shall be held within sixty days.&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;The Bundestag shall convene no later than the thirtieth day after the electio

69 ns.&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI;
ns.&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000; (3) &#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;The Bundestag shall determine when its sessions shall be adjourned and resumed. The President of the Bundestag may convene it at an earlier date. He shall be obliged to do so if one third of the Members, the Federal President or the Federal Chancellor so demand. &#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;Article 40 [Presidency – Rules of procedure]&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;The Bundestag shall elect its President, Vice-Presidents and III. The Bundestag 38 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2

70 ;Scrutiny of elections shall be the resp
;Scrutiny of elections shall be the responsibility of the Bundes tag. It shall also decide whether a Member has lost tag. It shall also decide whether a Member has lost –&#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;Sittings of the Bundestag shall be public. On the motion of one tenth of its Members, or on the motion of the Federal Government, a decision to exclude the public may be taken by a two-thirds majority. The motion shall be voted upon at its committees shall not give rise to any liability. . right to be heard]&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;The Bundestag and its committees may require the pres&#x/MCI;

71 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;-&#x/
17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;ence of any member of the Federal Government.&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;The members of the Bundesrat and of the Federal Govern&#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 22;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 22;&#x 000;ment as well as their representatives may attend all sittings of the Bundestag and meetings of its committees. They shall have the right to be heard at any time. &#x/MCI; 23;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 23;&#x 000;Article 44 [Committees of inquiry]&#x/MCI; 28;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 28;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 25;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 25;&#

72 x 000;The Bundestag shall have the right
x 000;The Bundestag shall have the right, and on the motion of one quarter of its Members the duty, to establish a commit- III. The Bundestag 39 tee of inquiry, which shall take the requisite evidence at The rules of criminal procedure shall apply, subject to judicial review. The courts shall be free to . The courts shall be free to &#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;The Bundestag shall appoint a Committee on European Union Affairs. It may authorise the committee to exercise the rights of the Bundestag under Article 23 vis-à-vis the Federal Government. It may also empower it to exercise the rights granted to the Bundestag under the contractual foundations of the European Union. &#x/MCI;

73 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;Arti
13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;Article 45a [Committees on Foreign Affairs and Defence]&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;The Bundestag shall appoint a Committee on Foreign Affairs and a Defence Committee.&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;The Defence Committee shall also have the powers of a committee of inquiry. On the motion of one quarter of its . On the motion of one quarter of its &#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000;A Parliamentary Commissioner for the Armed Forces shall be appointed to safeguard basic rights and to assist the Bundes tag in exercising parliame

74 ntary oversight. Details III. The Bund
ntary oversight. Details III. The Bundestag 40 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;The Bundestag shall appoint a Petitions Committee to deal with requests and complaints addressed to the Bundestag pursuant to Article 17.&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;The powers of the Committee to consider complaints shall be regulated by a federal law. Details shall be regulated by a federal law. . &#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;At no time may a Member be subjected to court proceed&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;ings or

75 disciplinary action or otherwise called
disciplinary action or otherwise called to account outside the Bundestag for a vote cast or a remark made by him in the Bundestag or in any of its committees. This provision shall not apply to defamatory insults.&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;A Member may not be called to account or arrested for a punishable offence without permission of the Bundestag unless he is apprehended while committing the offence or in the course of the following day.any other restriction of a Members freedom of the person Article 18 against a Member and any detention or other III. The Bundestag 41 - cern ing this information itself. To the extent that this

76 right o the extent that this right –
right o the extent that this right ––Remuneration]&#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ;Every candidate for election to the Bundestag shall be en titled to the leave necessary for his election campaign.shall be regulated by a federal law. III. The Bundestag 42 IV. &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ;The Länder shall participate through the Bundesrat in the legislation and administration of the Federation and in matters concerning the European Union. &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;Article 51 [Composition – Weighted voting]than two million inhabitants shall have four, , ––&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI

77 ; 13;&#x 000;The Bundesrat shall ele
; 13;&#x 000;The Bundesrat shall elect its President for one year. IV. The Bundesrat 44 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ;The members of the Federal Government shall have the right, and on demand the duty, to participate in meetings IV. The Bundesrat 45 IVa. –&#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;The Joint Committee shall consist of Members of the Bun&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ;-&#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;destag and members of the Bundesrat; the Bundestag shall provide two thirds and the Bundesrat one third of the committee members. The Bundestag shall designate Members in proportion to the relative strength of the various parliamentary groups; they

78 may not be members of the Federal Gover
may not be members of the Federal Government. Each Land shall be represented by a Bundesrat member of its choice; these members shall not be bound by instructions. The establishment of the Joint Committee and its proceedings shall be regulated by rules of procedure to be adopted by the Bundestag and requiring the consent of the Bundesrat.&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;The Federal Government shall inform the Joint Committee about its plans for a state of defence. The rights of the Bun&#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;-&#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;destag and its committees under paragraph (1) of Article 43 shall not be affected by the provisions of this paragraph. IVa. The

79 Joint Committee V. The Federal Preside
Joint Committee V. The Federal President 48 ='NGEVKQPs6GTOQHQHƂEG?expires or, in the case of premature termination, not later ballots, no candidate has obtained such a majority, the V. The Federal President 49 &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;If the Federal President is unable to perform his duties, or if his of“ce falls prematurely vacant, the President of the Bundesrat shall exercise his powers. &#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;Article 58 [Countersignature] &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;Orders and directions of the Federal President shall require for their validity the countersignature of the Federal Chan&#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;-&#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x

80 /MCI; 8 ;cellor or of the competent
/MCI; 8 ;cellor or of the competent Federal Minister. This provision shall not apply to the appointment or dismissal of the Feder-63, or a request made under paragraph (3) of Article 69. 69. &#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;The Federal President shall represent the Federation in international law. He shall conclude treaties with foreign the consent or participation, in the form of a federal law, V. The Federal President 50 of federal law. In the case of executive agreements the apply, , ––&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;The Federal President shall appoint and dismiss feder&#x/MCI; 5 ;

81 &#x/MCI; 5 ;-&#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI
&#x/MCI; 5 ;-&#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;al judges, federal civil servants and commissioned and non-commissioned of“cers of the Armed Forces, except as may otherwise be provided by a law..&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;The Bundestag or the Bundesrat may impeach the Federal President before the Federal Constitutional Court for wilful violation of this Basic Law or of any other federal law. The other federal law, it may declare that he has forfeited his V. The Federal President 51 VI. The Federal Government 52 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ;The Federal Government shall consist of the Federal Chancellor and the Federal Min

82 isters. &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;
isters. &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;Article 63 [Election of the Federal Chancellor]&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;The Federal Chancellor shall be elected by the Bundestag without debate on the proposal of the Federal President.&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;The person who receives the votes of a majority of the Members of the Bundestag shall be elected. The person elected shall be appointed by the Federal President.&#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ; (3) &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;If the person proposed by the Federal President is not elected, the Bundestag may elect a Federal Chancellor within fourteen days after the ballot by th

83 e votes of more than one half of its Mem
e votes of more than one half of its Members.&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ; (4) &#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;If no Federal Chancellor is elected within this period, a new election shall take place without delay, in which majority, then within seven days the Federal President , then within seven days the Federal President –&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;1CVJQHQHƂEG?&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;Federal Ministers shall be appointed and dismissed by the Federal President upon the proposal of the Federal Chancellor. VI. The Federal Government 53 –and collegiate responsibility]

84 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ;The Fed
&#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ;The Federal Chancellor shall determine and be responsible for the general guidelines of policy. Wpartment independently and on his own responsibility. The . The &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;Command of the Armed Forces shall be vested in the Fed eral Minister of Defence.eral Minister of Defence.&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;Neither the Federal Chancellor nor a Federal Minister may hold any other salaried of“ce or engage in any trade or profession or belong to the management or, without the President to dismiss the Federal Chancellor. The Federal VI. The Federal Government 54 =8QVGQHEQPƂFGPEG?the F

85 ederal Chancellor, may dissolve the Bund
ederal Chancellor, may dissolve the Bundestag within his deputy.cellor, or at the request of the Federal Chancellor or of the Federal President a Federal Minister, shall be obliged to VI. The Federal Government 55 VII. Federal Legislation and 56 and the Länder]&#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;The Länder shall have the right to legislate insofar as this Ba&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ;-&#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;sic Law does not confer legislative power on the Federation.&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;The division of authority between the Federation and the Länder shall be governed by the provisions of this Basic Law concer

86 ning exclusive and concurrent legislativ
ning exclusive and concurrent legislative powers. &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;Article 71 [Exclusive legislative power of the Federation] &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;On matters within the exclusive legislative power of the Federation, the Länder shall have power to legislate only when and to the extent that they are expressly authorised to do so by a federal law. . &#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;On matters within the concurrent legislative power, the VII. Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures 57 land distribution; regional planning; taxes on real property. law. . of the Federation]&#x/MCI; 33;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 33;

87 &#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x
&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;The Federation shall have exclusive legislative power with respect to: &#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;1. &#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;foreign affairs and defence, including protection of the civilian population; &#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;2. &#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;citizenship in the Federation; &#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000;3. &#x/MCI; 22;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 22;&#x 000;freedom of movement, passports, residency registration and identity cards, immigration, emigration and extra&#x/MCI; 23;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 23;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 24;&#x 000;&

88 #x/MCI; 24;&#x 000;dition; &#x/MCI;&
#x/MCI; 24;&#x 000;dition; &#x/MCI; 25;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 25;&#x 000;4. &#x/MCI; 26;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 26;&#x 000;currency, money and coinage, weights and measures, VII. Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures 58 air transport; respon sibility is not clearly assignable to the police protection of the free democratic basic order, of the Federal Republic of Germany, VII. Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures 59 &#x/MCI; 41;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 41;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;Concurrent legislative power shall extend to the following matters: &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;1. &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;civil law, criminal law, court organisation an

89 d proce 4a. (repealed)energy, crafts, tr
d proce 4a. (repealed)energy, crafts, trades, commerce, banking, stock exlabour law, including the organisation of enterprises, agencies, as well as social security, including un VII. Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures 60 adequacy of food supply, the importation and exporta VII. Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures 61 state liability; remunera tion and pensions; land distribution; regional planning; VII. Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures 62 Bundestag after three weeks or, if the Bundesrat has delay. In the case of bills to amend this Basic Law or to of this paragraph shall not apply.larly urgent, the period shall be three weeks or, if the paragraph shall not a

90 pply. The Bundestag shall consider . The
pply. The Bundestag shall consider . The Bundestag shall consider –&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;Federal laws shall be adopted by the Bundestag. After their adoption the President of the Bundestag shall forward them to the Bundesrat without delay. VII. Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures 63 the Bundesrat is required for a bill to become law, the BunInsofar as its consent is required for a bill to become law, law, the Bundesrat, once proceedings under paragraph (2) a two-thirds majority, including at least a majority of the VII. Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures 64 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ;A bill

91 adopted by the Bundestag shall become l
adopted by the Bundestag shall become law if the Bundesrat consents to it or fails to make a demand pursuant to paragraph (2) of Article 77 or fails to enter an objection within the period stipulated in paragraph (3) of Article 77 or withdraws such an objection or if the objection is over&#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;-&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ;ridden by the Bundestag. &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;Article 79 [Amendment of the Basic Law]&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;This Basic Law may be amended only by a law expressly amending or supplementing its text. In the case of an inter&#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;-&#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;national treaty regard

92 ing a peace settlement, the preparation
ing a peace settlement, the preparation of a peace settlement or the phasing out of an occupation regime or designed to promote the defence of the Federal Republic, it shall be suf“cient, for the purpose of making clear that the provisions of this Basic Law do not preclude the conclusion and entry into force of the treaty, to add , to add &#x/MCI; 24;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 24;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;The Federal Government, a Federal Minister or the Land governments may be authorised by a law to issue statutory instruments. The content, purpose and scope of the au - thor ity conferred shall be speci“ed in the law. Each statu VII. Federal Legislation and Legisla

93 tive Procedures 65 delegated, such su
tive Procedures 65 delegated, such subdelegation shall be effected by statutory instrument. (2) Unless a federal law otherwise provides, the consent of Länder on federal commission or in their own right. (3) The Bundesrat may submit to the Federal Government (4) Insofar as Land governments are authorised by or pursuant Länder . Article 80a (1) If this Basic Law or a federal law regarding defence, includ (2) Any measures taken pursuant to legal provisions by virtue (3) Notwithstanding paragraph (1) of this Article, the appli VII. Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures 66 &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ;If, in the circumstances described in Article 68,

94 the Bunde&#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4
the Bunde&#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;-&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;stag is not dissolved, the Federal President, at the request of the Federal Government and with the consent of the Bundesrat, may declare a state of legislative emergency with respect to a bill, if the Bundestag rejects the bill although the Federal Government has declared it to be urgent. The same shall apply if a bill has been rejected although the Federal Chancellor had combined it with a motion under Article 68.&#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;If, after a state of legislative emergency has been declared, the Bundestag again rejects the bill or adopts it in a version the Federal Government declares u

95 nacceptable, the bill shall be deemed to
nacceptable, the bill shall be deemed to have become law to the extent that it receives the consent of the Bundesrat. The same shall apply if the Bundestag does not pass the bill within four weeks after it is reintroduced.&#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ; (3) &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;During the term of of“ce of a Federal Chancellor, any same Federal Chancellor. VII. Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures 67 provi sion, it shall take effect on the fourteenth day after VII. Federal Legislation and Legislative Procedures 68 VIII. The Execution of Federal Laws and 69 Länder] &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ;The Länder shall execute federal laws in their own right insofar as this Basic

96 Law does not otherwise provide or permi
Law does not otherwise provide or permit. &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;Article 84 [Länder administration – Federal oversight]&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;Where the Länder execute federal laws in their own right, they shall provide for the establishment of the requisite authorities and regulate their administrative procedures. If federal laws provide otherwise, the Länder may enact derogating regulations. If a Land has enacted a derogating regulation pursuant to the second sentence, subsequent federal statutory provisions regulating the organisation of authorities and their administrative procedure shall not be enacted until at least six months after their prom

97 ulgation, provided that no other determi
ulgation, provided that no other determination has been made with the consent of the Bundesrat. The third sentence of para&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;-&#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;graph (2) of Article 72 shall apply, law. For this purpose the Federal Government may send their consent or, where such consent is refused, with the VIII. The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration 70 has violated the law. The decision of the With a view to the execution of federal laws, the Federal ith a view to the execution of federal laws, the Federal Länder on federal commission]&#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;Where the Länder execute federal laws on federal com&

98 #x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;-&#x/MCI;
#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;-&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;mission, establishment of the authorities shall remain the concern of the Länder, except insofar as federal laws en acted with the consent of the Bundesrat otherwise provide. Federal laws may not entrust municipalities and associa tions of municipalities with any tasks.au thorities shall be appointed with its approval. VIII. The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration 71 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ;Where the Federation executes laws through its own administrative authorities or through federal corporations or institutions established under public law, the Federal , the Federal &#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ; (1) &#x/MCI;&#

99 xD 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;The foreign servic
xD 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;The foreign service, the federal “nancial administration and, in accordance with the provisions of Article 89, the administration of federal waterways and shipping shall be conducted by federal administrative authorities with their own administrative substructures. A federal law may establish Federal Border Police authorities and central of“ces for police information and communications, for the criminal police and for the compilation of data for purposes of protection of the constitution and of protection against activities within the federal territory which, through the use of force or acts preparatory to the use of force, endanger the external interests of the Federal Republic

100 of Germany.as federal corporations under
of Germany.as federal corporations under public law. Social insurance corporations under public law, if the supervisory authority. VIII. The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration 72 which the Federation has legislative power. When the Fedto matters on which it has legislative power, federal author, federal author&#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;The Federation shall establish Armed Forces for purposes of defence. Their numerical strength and general organisa&#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;-&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;tional structure must be shown in the budget.&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 1

101 1;&#x 000;Apart from defence, the Armed
1;&#x 000;Apart from defence, the Armed Forces may be employed only to the extent expressly permitted by this Basic Law.to accomplish their defence mission. Moreover, during a VIII. The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration 73 con struction work may be assigned to the Federal Defence parties; this requirement, however, shall not apply in the civil ian population, mayfederal commission, they may, with the consent of the paragraph (2) of Article 85. paragraph (2) of Article 85. &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;Laws enacted under item 14 of paragraph (1) of Article 73 may, with the consent of the Bundesrat, provide that they , with the consent of the Bundesrat, provide that they &#x/MCI; 1

102 4;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000; (1) &
4;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;Air transport administration shall be conducted under fed eral administration. Air traf“c control services may VIII. The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration 74 munity law..&#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;Rail transport with respect to federal railways shall be administered by federal authorities. Responsibilities for rail transport administration may be delegated by a federal law to the Länder acting in their own right.&#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;The Federation shall discharge rail transport administration responsibilities assigned t

103 o it by a federal law, above and private
o it by a federal law, above and private law. They shall remain the property of the FederaDetails shall be regulated by a federal law. VIII. The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration 75 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;In accordance with a federal law requiring the consent of the Bundesrat, the Federation shall ensure the availability of adequate and appropriate postal and telecommunications services throughout the federal territory.tion under public law, shall discharge particular responDeutsche Bundespost as prescribed by a federal law. . –&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;The Federation shall establish a note-issuing and currency ban

104 k as the Federal Bank. Within the framew
k as the Federal Bank. Within the framework of the price stability. . –&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;The Federation shall be the owner of the former Reich waterways.&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;The Federation shall administer the federal waterways through its own authorities. It shall exercise those state functions relating to inland shipping which extend beyond the territory of a single Land, and those functions relating to maritime shipping, which are conferred on it by a law. VIII. The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration 76 &#x/MCI; 6

105 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#
;&#x/MCI; 6 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;The Federation shall remain the owner of the federal motor&#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;-&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;ways and other federal trunk roads. This ownership shall be inalienable.&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;The administration of the federal motorways shall be a matter for the federal administrative authorities. The Federation may make use of a company under private law to discharge its responsibilities. This company shall be in the inalienable ownership of the Federation. Third parties shall have no direct or indirect holding in the company and its sub sidiaries. Third p

106 arties shall have no holdings in the fra
arties shall have no holdings in the framework of public-private partnerships in road networks comprising the entire federal motorway network or the entire network of other federal trunk roads in a Land or signi“cant parts of these networks. Details shall be regu lated by a federal law. law, shall administer on federal VIII. The Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration 77 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;In order to avert an imminent danger to the existence or free democratic basic order of the Federation or of a Land, a LandLändering or able to combat the danger, the Federal Government necessary to combat such danger, may issue instructions VIII. T

107 he Execution of Federal Laws and the Fed
he Execution of Federal Laws and the Federal Administration 78 Joint Tasks –&#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;In the following areas the Federation shall participate in the discharge of responsibilities of the Länder, provided that such responsibilities are important to society as a whole and that federal participation is necessary for the improve&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ;-&#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;ment of living conditions (joint tasks): &#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;1. &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;improvement of regional economic structures; &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;2. &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;improvement of the agrarian structure and o

108 f coastal preservation.&#x/MCI; 9 ;&
f coastal preservation.&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;Federal laws enacted with the consent of the Bundesrat shall specify the joint tasks as well as the details of coordi&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;nation.&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000; (3) &#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;In cases to which item 1 of paragraph (1) of this Article applies, the Federation shall “nance one half of the expendi ture in each be regulated by law. The provision of funds shall be subject . The provision of funds shall be subject &#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000; (

109 1) &#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI;
1) &#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;The Federation and the Länder may cooperate on the basis of agreements in cases of supraregional importance in the promotion of sciences, research and teaching. Agreements primarily affecting institutions of higher education shall require the consent of all the Länder. This provision shall not apply to agreements regarding the construction of research facilities, including large scienti“c installations.&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;The Federation and the Länder may mutually agree to cooperate for the assessment of the performance of educa&#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 20;&#x 00

110 0;-&#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000;&#x/MCI;
0;-&#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000;tion systems in international comparison and in drafting relevant reports and recommendations. VIIIa. Joint Tasks &#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;The Federation and the Länder may cooperate in planning, constructing and operating information technology systems needed to discharge their responsibilities.&#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;The Federation and the Länder may agree to specify the standards and security requirements necessary for ex&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;-&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;changes between their information technology systems. Agreements reg

111 arding the bases of cooperation under th
arding the bases of cooperation under the “rst sentence may provide, for individual responsibili&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;ties determined by their content and scope, that detailed regulations be enacted with the consent of a quali“ed majority of the Federation and the Länder as laid down in the agreements. They require the consent of the Bundestag and the legislatures of the participating Länder; the right to withdraw from these agreements cannot be precluded. The agreements shall also regulate the sharing of costs.&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000; (3) &#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;The Länder may

112 also agree on the joint operation of in
also agree on the joint operation of infor&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;mation technology systems along with the establishment of installations for that purpose. &#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;(4) &#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;To link the information networks of the Federation and the VIIIa. Joint Tasks &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ;With a view to ascertaining and improving the performance ith a view to ascertaining and improving the performance seeking employment]&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;In the execution of federal laws in the “eld of basic support for perso

113 ns seeking employment, the Federation an
ns seeking employment, the Federation and the Länder or the municipalities and associations of munici&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;-&#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;palities responsible pursuant to Land law shall cooperate as a rule in joint institutions.&#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;The Federation may authorise a limited number of munici&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;-&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;palities and associations of municipalities, at their request and with the consent of the highest Land authority, to VIIIa. Joint Tasks IX. The Judiciary 83 Article 92 [Court organisation] Länder. Article 93 (1) The Federal Constitutional Court shall ru

114 le: 1. on the interpretation of this Bas
le: 1. on the interpretation of this Basic Law in the event of 2. in the event of disagreements or doubts concerning the law with this Basic Law or the compatibility of law with other federal law on application of the Federal Government, of a Land government or of one 2a. in the event of disagreements as to whether a law Land; 3. in the event of disagreements concerning the rights and Länder, especially in the execution of federal law by the Länder and in the 4. on other disputes involving public law between the Länder, between different or within a 4a. on constitutional complaints, which may be “led by IX. The Judiciary 84 law, however, only if the law cannot be in the other instances provided

115 for in this Basic Law.tional Court shal
for in this Basic Law.tional Court shall also rule whether, in cases falling under federal law does not exist any longer or whether, in the . The Courts other matters as shall be assigned to it by a federal law. IX. The Judiciary 85 tional Court shall be regulated by a federal law, which shall of law. The law may require that all other legal remedies be . The law may require that all other legal remedies be &#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;The Federation shall establish the Federal Court of Justice, the Federal Administrative Court, the Federal Finance Court, the Federal Labour Court and the Federal Social Court as supreme courts of ordinary, administrative, of de

116 cisions. Details shall be regulated by a
cisions. Details shall be regulated by a federal law. . &#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;The Federation may establish a federal court for matters concerning industrial property rights.&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000; (2) &#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;The Federation may establish federal military criminal courts for the Armed Forces. These courts may exercise criminal jurisdiction only during a state of defence or over members of the Armed Forces serving abroad or on board warships. Details shall be regulated by a federal law. These courts shall be under the aegis of the Federal IX. The Judiciary 86 proceedin

117 gs against, and for proceedings on compl
gs against, and for proceedings on complaints by, pro vide that courts of the war crimes; state security. . &#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;Judges shall be independent and subject only to the law.of“ce, pro vided they retain their full salary. . –&#x/MCI; 26;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 26;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 23;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 23;&#x 000;The legal status of federal judges shall be regulated by a special federal law. IX. The Judiciary 87 in his of“cial ca pac i or unof“cially, the Federal Constitutional Court, upon application of f Land] &#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;A Land law may assign the

118 adjudication of constitutional disputes
adjudication of constitutional disputes within a Land to the Federal Constitutional Court and the “nal decision in matters involving the application of Land law to the supreme courts speci“ed in paragraph &#x/MCI; 22;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 22;&#x 000;(1)&#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 21;&#x 000; of Article 95. &#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;Article 100 [Concrete judicial review]&#x/MCI; 23;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 23;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;If a court concludes that a law on whose validity its de&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;cision depends is unconstitutional, the proceeding

119 s shall be stayed, and a decision shall
s shall be stayed, and a decision shall be obtained from the Land court with jurisdiction over constitutional disputes where the constitution of a Land is held to be violated or from the Federal Constitutional Court where this Basic Law is held to be violated. This provision shall also apply where the Basic Law is held to be violated by Land law and where a Land law is held to be incompatible with a federal law. IX. The Judiciary 88 Basic Law, proposes to derogate from a decision of the , proposes to derogate from a decision of the &#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;Extraordinary courts shall not be allowed. No one may be removed from the jurisdiction of his lawful judge.&#x

120 /MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ; (2) &#x/MC
/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;Courts for particular “elds of law may be established only by a law. . &#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;Capital punishment is abolished. &#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;Article 103 [Fair trial]&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;In the courts every person shall be entitled to a hearing in accordance with law. IX. The Judiciary 89 Only a judge may rule upon the permissibility or contin u ation of any deprivation of liberty. If such a deprivation is not based on a judicial order, a judicial decision shall law.tions. The judge shall

121 , without delay, either issue a written
, without delay, either issue a written decision imposing or continuing a deprivation of liberty. IX. The Judiciary 90 X. Finance 91 ––Liability]&#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;The Federation and the Länder shall separately “nance the expenditures resulting from the discharge of their respective responsibilities insofar as this Basic Law does not otherwise provide.&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;Where the Länder act on federal commission, the Feder&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;-&#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ;ation shall “nance the resulting expenditures.&#x/MCI; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ; (3) &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x

122 /MCI; 8 ;Federal laws providing for
/MCI; 8 ;Federal laws providing for money grants to be administered by the Länder may provide that the Federation shall pay for such grants wholly or in part. If any such law provides that the Federation shall “nance one half or more of the expenditure, it shall be executed by the Länder on federal commission. For the granting of bene“ts for accommoda&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;-&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;tion and heating in the “eld of basic support for persons seeking employment, the law shall be executed on federal commission if the Federation “nances three quarters or more of the expenditure.&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 11;&#x 000; (4) &#x/MCI;

123 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;Feder
12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;Federal laws that oblige the Länder to provide money grants, bene“ts in kind or comparable services to third parties and which are executed by the Länder in their own right or according to the second sentence of paragraph (3) on commission of the Federation shall require the consent of the Bundesrat if the expenditure resulting therefrom is to be borne by the Länder.&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 13;&#x 000; (5) &#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 14;&#x 000;The Federation and the Länder shall “nance the adminis&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 15;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 16;&#x 000;trative expenditures incurred by their respective

124 authorities and shall be responsible to
authorities and shall be responsible to one another for ensuring proper administration. Details shall be regulated by a federal law requiring the consent of the Bundesrat.&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 17;&#x 000; (6) &#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 18;&#x 000;In accordance with the internal allocation of competencies and responsibilities, the Federation and the Länder shall bear the costs entailed by a violation of obligations incum&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 19;&#x 000;-&#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 20;&#x 000;bent on Germany under supranational or international law. X. Finance 92 &#x/MCI; 28;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 28;&#x 000; (1) &#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;To the ext

125 ent that this Basic Law confers on it th
ent that this Basic Law confers on it the power eral territory, or and substantially harmful to the states “nancial capacity. To ensure that the funds are used for their X. Finance 93 education infrastructure] &#x/MCI; 8 ;&#x/MCI; 8 ;The Federation may grant the Länder “nancial assistance for investments of signi“cance to the nation as a whole, and for special limited-term expenditures on the part of the Länder and municipalities (associations of municipali&#x/MCI; 9 ;&#x/MCI; 9 ;-&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 10;&#x 000;ties) directly connected with such investments to improve the ef“ciency of municipal education infrastructure. The “rst three senten

126 ces and the “fth and sixth sentence
ces and the “fth and sixth sentences of paragraph (2), as well as paragraph (3) of Article 104b, shall apply, . To ensure that the funds are used o ensure that the funds are used &#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 12;&#x 000;The Federation may grant the Länder “nancial assistance for investments of signi“cance to the nation as a whole on the part of the Länder and municipalities (associations of municipalities) in social housing. The “rst “ve sentences of paragraph (2), as well as paragraph (3) of Article 104b, shall apply, X. Finance 94 &#x/MCI; 1 ;&#x/MCI; 1 ; (1) &#x/MCI; 2 ;&#x/MCI; 2 ;The Federation shall have exclusive power to legislate with respect to cus

127 toms duties and “scal monopolies.&#
toms duties and “scal monopolies.&#x/MCI; 3 ;&#x/MCI; 3 ; (2) &#x/MCI; 4 ;&#x/MCI; 4 ;The Federation shall have concurrent power to legislate with respect to taxes on real property. It shall have concurArticle 72 apply.regulated by federal law. They are empowered to determine customs duties; X. Finance 95 throughout the federal territory. X. Finance 96 municipalities or, as may be provided for by X. Finance 97 shall be authorised to establish the rates at which taxes on real property and trades are levied, within the framework of Land, revenue Land. The Federation and the Länder may participate, Land legislation, taxes on (7) An overall percentage of the Land share of total re

128 venue Land legislation, shall accrue to
venue Land legislation, shall accrue to the municipalities or associations of municipalLand legislation shall determine Land taxes shall accrue to municipalities (associations of municipalities). (8) If in individual Länder or municipalities (associations of or municipalities (associations of municipalities), Länder or municipalities (associations of municipalities) cannot reasonably be expected to bear the Länder or municipalities (associ (9) For the purpose of this Article, revenues and expenditures Länder. X. Finance 98 Article 106a [Federal grants for local public transport] Länder shall be entitled to Land under paragraph (2) of Article 107. Article 106b Länder share of motor vehicle

129 tax] As of 1 July 2009, following the tr
tax] As of 1 July 2009, following the transfer of the motor Länder shall be entitled to a sum from the tax revenue of the Federation. Details Article 107 [Distribution of tax revenue – Financial equalisation Länder – Supplementary grants] (1) Revenue from Landto the individual -wise provided in paragraph (2) of this Article. (2) A federal law requiring the consent of the Bundesrat shall , with due regard for the “nancial capacities and needs of municipalities (associations of X. Finance 99 municipalities). To this end, additions to and deductions in the law. For the purpose of measuring “nancial capacity, , the Länder – Financial courts]&#x/MCI; 6 ;&#x/MCI; 6 ; (1) &#x/MC

130 I; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;Customs duties
I; 7 ;&#x/MCI; 7 ;Customs duties, “scal monopolies, taxes on consumption regulated by a federal law, including the turnover tax on author ities have been established, their heads shall be 1 [Human dignity – Human rights – Legally binding force 2 [Personal freedoms] 3 [Equality before the law] 4 [Freedom of faith and conscience] 5 [Freedom of expression, arts and sciences] 6 [Marriage – Family – Children] 7 [School system] 8 [Freedom of assembly] 9 [Freedom of association] 10 [Privacy of correspondence, posts and telecommunications] 11 [Freedom of movement] 12 [Occupational freedom] 12a [Compulsory military and alternative civilian service] 13 [Inviolability of the home] 14 [

131 Property – Inheritance – Expro
Property – Inheritance – Expropriation] 15 [Nationalisation] 16 [Citizenship – Extradition] 16a [Right of asylum] 17 [Right of petition] C=4GUVTKEVKQPQHDCUKETKIJVUKPURGEKƂEKPUVCPEGU?18 [Forfeiture of basic rights] 19 [Restriction of basic rights – Legal remedies] 20 [Constitutional principles – Right of resistance] 20a [Protection of the natural foundations of life and animals] 21 [Political parties] 22 [23 [European Union – Protection of basic rights – Principle 24 [T25 [Primacy of international law] 26 [Securing international peace] 27 [28 [29 [New delimitation of the federal territory] 30 [Sove

132 reign powers of the 31 [Supremacy of fed
reign powers of the 31 [Supremacy of federal law] 32 [Foreign relations] Art. 35 [Legal and administrative assistance and assistance during disasters] 35 Art. 33 [Equal citizenship – Public service] Art. 34 [Art. 36 [Personnel of federal authorities] Art. 37 [Federal execution] Art. 38 [Elections] Art. 39 [Electoral term – Convening] Art. 40 [Presidency – Rules of procedure] Art. 41 [Scrutiny of elections] Art. 42 [Public sittings – Majority decisions] Art. 43 [Right to require presence, right of access and right to be heard] Art. 44 [Committees of inquiry] Art. 45 [Committee on the European Union] Art. 45a [Committees on Foreign Affairs and Defence] Art. 45b [Parliamentary Commissioner for

133 the Armed Forces] Art. 45c [Petitions C
the Armed Forces] Art. 45c [Petitions Committee] Art. 45d Parliamentary Oversight Panel Art. 46 [Immunities of Members] Art. 47 [Right of refusal to give evidence] Art. 48 [Candidature – Protection of membership – Remuneration] Art. 49 (repealed) IV. The Bundesrat Art. 50 [Functions] Art. 51 [Composition – Weighted voting] Art. 52 [President – Decisions – Rules of procedure] Art. 53 [Attendance of members of the Federal Government] IVa. The Joint Committee Art. 53a [Composition – Rules of procedure] V. The Federal President Art. 54 ['NGEVKQPs6GTOQHQHƂEGArt. 55 [Incompatibilities] Art. 56 [Art. 57 [Substitution] Art. 58 [Countersignature] Art

134 . 59 [International representation of th
. 59 [International representation of the Federation] 59a (repealed) (repealed) ––&#x/MCI; 5 ;&#x/MCI; 5 ;51 &#x/MCI; 11; 00;&#x/MCI; 11; 00;Art. &#x/MCI; 11; 00;&#x/MCI; 11; 00;61 [Impeachment before the Federal Constitutional Court] 62 [Composition] 63 [Election of the Federal Chancellor] 64 [#RRQKPVOGPVCPFFKUOKUUCNQH(GFGTCN/KPKUVGTUs1CVJQHQHƂEG[–collegiate responsibility] responsibility] &#x/MCI; 26;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 26;&#x 000;54 &#x/MCI; 13;� 00;&#x/MCI; 13;� 00;Art. &#x/MCI; 12; 00;&#x/MCI; 12; 00;66 [Incompatibilities] 67 [8QVGQH�

135 002;PQEQPƂFGPEG68 [8QVG
002;PQEQPƂFGPEG68 [8QVGQHEQPƂFGPEG69 [&GRWV[(GFGTCN%JCPEGNNQTs6GTOQHQHƂEG[Länder] &#x/MCI; 44;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 44;&#x 000;57 &#x/MCI; 14; 00;&#x/MCI; 14; 00;Art. &#x/MCI; 14;
00;&#x/MCI; 14;
00;71 [Exclusive legislative power of the Federation] 72 [Concurrent legislative powers] 73 [Matters under exclusive legislative power of the Federation] 74 [Matters under concurrent legislative powers] 74a (repealed) 76 [Bills] 77 [Legislative procedure – Mediation Committee] 78 [Passage of federal laws] 79 [Amendment of the Basic Law] [Amendment of the Basic Law] &#x/MCI; 77;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 77;

136 &#x 000;65 &#x/MCI; 16; 00;&#x/M
&#x 000;65 &#x/MCI; 16; 00;&#x/MCI; 16; 00;Art. &#x/MCI; 16; 00;&#x/MCI; 16; 00;80a [State of tension] 81 [Legislative emergency] 82 [83 [Execution by the 84 [[Länder on federal commission] &#x/MCI; 98;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 98;&#x 000;71 &#x/MCI; 17; 00;&#x/MCI; 17; 00;Art. &#x/MCI; 17; 00;&#x/MCI; 17; 00;86 [Federal administration] 87 [Matters] 87a [Armed Forces] 87b [Federal Defence Administration] 87c [Production and utilisation of nuclear energy] 87d [Air transport administration] 87e [Rail transport administration] 87f [Posts and telecommunications] 88 [The Federal Bank – The European Central Bank] 89 [Federal waterways – Admini

137 stration of waterways] 90 [Federal roads
stration of waterways] 90 [Federal roads and motorways] 91 [Internal emergency] Joint Tasks 91a [Joint tasks – Responsibility for expenditure] 91b [Education programmes and promotion of research] 91c [Information technology systems] 91d [Comparison of performance] 91e [Cooperation in respect of basic support for persons seeking employment] 92 [Court organisation] 93 [Jurisdiction of the Federal Constitutional Court] 94 [Composition of the Federal Constitutional Court] 95 [Supreme federal courts] 96 [Other federal courts] 97 [Judicial independence] 98 [Legal status of judges – Impeachment] 99 [Constitutional disputes within a 100 [Concrete judicial review] 101 [Ban on extraordinary courts] 102 [Ab

138 olition of capital punishment] 103 [Fai
olition of capital punishment] 103 [Fair trial] 104 [Deprivation of liberty] 104a [Apportionment of expenditures – Financial system – Liability] 104b [Financial assistance for investments] [Financial assistance for investments] infrastructure] &#x/MCI; 95;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 95;&#x 000;94 &#x/MCI; 17; 00;&#x/MCI; 17; 00;Art. &#x/MCI; 17; 00;&#x/MCI; 17; 00;104d [Financial assistance for investments in social housing] 105 [Distribution of powers regarding tax laws] 106a [Federal grants for local public transport] 106b [ 107 [Distribution of tax revenue – Financial equalisation among 108 [Financial administration of the Federation and the Financia

139 l courts] 109 [Budget management in the
l courts] 109 [Budget management in the Federation and the 109a [Budgetary emergencies] 110 [Federal budget] 111 [Interim budget management] 112 [Extrabudgetary expenditures] 113 [Increase of expenditures] 114 [Submission and auditing of accounts] 115 [Limits of borrowing] 115a [Declaration of a state of defence] 115b [Power of command of the Federal Chancellor] 115c [Extension of the legislative powers of the Federation] [Extension of the legislative powers of the Federation] &#x/MCI; 45;&#x 000;&#x/MCI; 45;&#x 000;111 &#x/MCI; 13; 00;&#x/MCI; 13; 00;Art.&#x/MCI; 13; 00;&#x/MCI; 13; 00; 115e [Joint Committee] 115f [Use of Federal Border Police – Extended pow

140 ers of instruction] 115g [Federal 115i
ers of instruction] 115g [Federal 115i [Powers of the 115k [Rank and duration of emergency provisions] 115l [Repeal of emergency measures – Conclusion of peace] Transitional and Concluding Provisions 117 [Suspended entry into force of two basic rights] 118 [New delimitation of Baden and Württemberg] 118a [New delimitation of Berlin and Brandenburg] 119 [Refugees and expellees] 120 [Occupation costs – Burdens resulting from the war] 120a [Equalisation of burdens] 122 [Date of transmission of legislative powers] 123 [Continued applicability of pre-existing law] 124 [Continued applicability of law within the scope of exclusive legislative power] 125 [Continued applicability of law within the