Mohammed Sinjar These are the chemicals and their preparations used in reducing or preventing infection due to microorganisms Antiseptic Inhibit the growth of MO Disinfectant Destroy the Pathogenic MO ID: 999540
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1. ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS Assist.Lect. Mohammed SinjarThese are the chemicals and their preparations used in reducing or preventing infection due to microorganisms. Antiseptic: Inhibit the growth of MO Disinfectant: Destroy the Pathogenic MO Germicides: Kill Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Spores Bacteriostatics: Primarily inhibit the Bacteria – Only arrest their growth not to kill Sanitizers: For maintaining the health for Sanitization purpose
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3. CLASSIFICATION OF DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS1. Halogens (chlorinated lime, chloramine B, chlorhexidine, iodinole, iodovidone) 2. Oxidizing agents (hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate) 3. Acids (salicylic acid, boric acid) 4. Phenol derivatives (phenol, cresol, resorcinol, vagotil) 5. Aldehydes and alcohols (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, ethanol, isopropanol) 6. Metallic salts (silver nitrate, zinc sulfate, and copper sulfate) 7. Dyes or tints (brilliant green, rivanol, methylene blue) 8. Detergents (roccal, aethonium, cerigelum, decamethoxinum, soaps) 9. Derivatives of different chemical groups (furacilinum) 10. Agents from plant source (novoimaninum, chlorophylliptum, and lysocim)
4. MOA1: Oxidation2: Halogenation3: Protein PrecipitationANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
5. ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, H2O2Laboratory method:Na2O2 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O28H2OIndustrial method:BaO2.8H2O + H2SO4 → BaSO4 ↓+ H2O2 +2H2SO4 ——————→ H2S2O8 (aq.) + H2H2S2O8 + 2H2O ——→ 2H2SO4 + H2O2By redox process:
6. By redox process: Industrially H2O2 is prepared by the auto- oxidation of 2-alkylanthraquinols. The process involves a cycle of reactions. The net reaction is the catalytic union of and to giveThe H2O2 formed (about 1%) is extracted with water and concentrated.
7. Storage:H2O2 is not stored in glass bottles since the alkali metal oxides present in glass catalyse its decomposition. It is, therefore, stored in paraffin wax coated glass, plastic or teflon bottles. Small amounts of acid, glycerol, alcohol, acetanilide and H3PO4are often used as stablizers to check its decomposition.
8. USES(i) For bleaching delicate articles like wool, hair, feather, ivory, etc.(ii) For restoring colour of old lead paintings whose white lead has blackened due to formation of PbS by H2S of atmosphere. Hydrogen peroxide converts the black lead sulphide to white lead sulphate(iii) As an aerating agent in production of spong rubber.(iv) As an antiseptic and germicide for washing wounds, teeth and ears,under the name of perhydrol.(v) In the manufacture of sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate. These are used in high quality detergents.(vi) As an antichlor.(vii) As an oxidant for rocket fuel.(viii) In the detection of Ti, V and Cr ions with which it forms peroxidesof characteristics colours.(ix) In the production of epoxides, propylene oxide and polyurethanes.(x) In the synthesis of hydroquinone, pharmaceuticals (cephalosoporin) and food products like tartaric acid.
9. BORIC ACID, H3BO3Boric acid, also called hydrogen borate, boracic acid, orthoboric acid and acidum boricum, is a weak acid of boron often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant,neutron absorber, or precursor to other chemical compounds. It has the chemical formulaH3BO3 (sometimes written B(OH)3), and exists in the form of colorless crystals or a white powder that dissolves in water. When occurring as a mineral, it is called sassolite.
10. PREPARATION:Boric acid may be prepared by reacting borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate) with a mineral acid, such as hydrochloric acid:Na2B4O7·10H2O + 2 HCl → 4 B(OH)3 [or H3BO3] + 2 NaCl + 5 H2OIt is also formed as a by product of hydrolysisof boron trihalides and diborane:B2H6 + 6 H2O → 2 B(OH)3 + 6 H2BX3 + 3 H2O → B(OH)3 + 3 HX (X = Cl, Br, I)
11. USES : Boric acid can be used as an antiseptic for minor burns or cuts and is sometimes used in dressings or salves. Boric acid is applied in a very dilute solution as an eye wash. Dilute boric acid can be used as a vaginal douche to treat bacterial vaginosis due to excessive alkalinity.[14] As an anti-bacterial compound, boric acid can also be used as an acne treatment. It is also used as prevention of athlete's foot, by inserting powder in the socks or stockings,
12. Iodine, I, is a dark violet (Greek, ioeides, violet) non-metallic halogen element belonging to Group VIIb (i.e. the Halogen GroPreparation:Iodine can be prepared in the laboratory by heating potassium Iodide or sodium iodide with dilute sulphuric acid and manganese dioxide.2 KI + MnO2 + 3 H2SO4 ==> I2 + 2 KHSO4 +MnSO4 +2 H2O up of elements) of the periodic table.
13. Uses:Iodine is usedIn medicine, where its solution in alcohol, called "tincture ofiodine", is used as a disinfectant,In the manufacture of compounds used in photography (e.g. silver iodide which is a light sensitive material used in film),In the manufacture of dyestuffs and drugs, andAs a reagent in analytical chemistry
14. Povidone-iodine (PVP-I)Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is a stable chemical complex ofpolyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone, PVP) and elemental iodine. It contains from 9.0% to 12.0% available iodine, calculated on a dry basis.Uses:It is used as a disinfectant. Povidone-iodine is a broad spectrum antiseptic for topical application in the treatment and prevention of infection in wounds.
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