Abby Ferson and Haley Roddy Definition The use of diagnostic genetic techniques in order to manage populations and to resolve taxonomic uncertainties as well as the use of molecular genetic analyses to create an understanding of species biology and preservation ID: 926644
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Slide1
Conservation Genetics
By
: Abby Ferson and Haley Roddy
Slide2Definition
The use of diagnostic genetic techniques in order to manage populations and to resolve taxonomic uncertainties, as well as the use of molecular genetic analyses to create an understanding of species' biology and preservation (
Frankham
, 2003)
Major Questions:
What brought the species to the brink of extinction?
What actions can be taken in order to reverse, or slow the rate of, their disappearance?
Slide3Importance of Genetic Diversity
Without genetic diversity, there is no platform for natural selection to act upon
Limited genetic diversity = limited ability to adapt to changing environmental pressures
Genetic diversity allows for maintenance of alleles
Slide4How is Genetic Diversity Lost?
Mutational meltdown
Inbreeding depression
Genetic drift
Bottleneck Effect
Founder’s Effect
Slide5Using Genetics as a Tool
Examination of genetic composition of a population provides valuable information on diversity amongst its individuals
Common techniques for identification and comparison of individuals
Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism
Microsatellites
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
DNA sequence patterns
Slide6Targeted Populations
Endangered or threatened species
Small population sizes
Threats of habitat loss/fragmentation
Low genetic diversity
Geographic isolationMigration barriers
Slide7Case Study:
African Cheetahs (
Acinonyx
jubatus
)
Approximately 12,000 years ago, a population bottleneck event removed over 75% of population (Meyer, 2016)
Drastically reduced genetic diversity (particularly heterozygosity)
Habitat destruction and inbreeding has maintained limited diversity within populations (O’Brien et al, 2017)
Solution:
Careful examination of phylogenetic trees
Use of databases and software to calculate mean kinship and favorable pairings amongst individuals (Ballou and Lacy, 1995; Caballero and Toro, 2000)
Slide8Slide9Application of Conservation Genetics
Captive breeding programs
Diversity is key
Purposeful immigration of individuals
Cryopreservation
Hybridization
Necessary for restoration of extremely small populations
Ex. Dusky Seaside Sparrow (
Ammodramus
maritimus
nigrescens
) – (Zink & Kale, 1995)
Slide10https://www.playfactile.com/bcevolution2
Activity
Slide11References
Pictures:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaside_sparrow
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusky_seaside_sparrow
http://cheetah.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/SubspeciesMapCCF-2.png
https://www.animalwised.com/most-endangered-species-in-north-america-1543.html
http://research.tamu.edu/2015/02/23/tias-fellow-leads-effort-to-id-gene-that-explains-variations-in-beaks/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_24
Https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/conservation_03
Slide12References Continued
Amos, W., &
Balmford
, A. (2001). When does conservation genetics matter?
Heredity, 87
(3), 257-265. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00940.x
Ballou
, J.D., & Lacy, R.C. (1995). Identifying genetically important individuals for management of genetic variation in pedigreed populations. Pp. 76-111 In Management for Survival and Recovery (J.D.
Ballou
, M. Gilpin, and T.J.
Foose
, eds.).
Columbia University Press
, New York.
Caballero, A., and Toro, M.A. (2000). Interrelations between effective population size and other pedigree tools for the management of conserved populations.
Genet. Res. 75
: 331-343.
Dong, Y., & Zhu, H. (2005). Single-Strand Conformational Polymorphism Analysis: Basic Principles and Routine Practice.
Hypertension,
149-158. doi:10.1385/1-59259-850-1:149
Frankham
, R. (2003). Genetics and conservation biology.
Comptes
Rendus
Biologies
, 326
, 22-29. doi:10.1015/s1631-0691(03)00023-4
Lynch, M. J.
Conery
, & Burger, R. (1995). Mutational meltdowns in sexual populations.
Evol
. 49
: 1067-1080.
McDonald, D.B., & Potts, W.K. (1997). Microsatellite DNA as a genetic marker at several scales.
Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics
(D.
Mindell
, ed.).
Academic Press
, New York. pp. 29-49
Meyer, A. (2016). Smithsonian study reveals decline of genetic diversity in wild cheetahs. Retrieved
from:
https
://insider.si.edu/2016/06/smithsonian-study-reveals-precipitous-decline-genetic-diversity-wild-cheetahs/
O’Brien, S. J., Johnson, W. E., Driscoll, C. A.,
Dobrynin
, P., & Marker, L. (2017). Conservation Genetics of Cheetah: Lessons Learned and New Opportunities.
Journal of Heredity, 108
(6), 671-677. doi:10.1093/
jhered
/esx047
Rhymer, J.M., &
Simberloff
, D. (1996). Extinction by hybridization and introgression.
Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst
.
27
, 83-109.
Schonewald
-Cox, C.M., Chambers, S.M.,
MacBryde
, B., & Thomas, L. (eds.). (1983). Genetics and Conservation.
Benjamin/Cummings
, Menlo Park, Calif.
University of Utah, (
n.d.
). Conservation Genetics
.
Retrieved from:
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/conservation/
Zink, R. M., & Kale, H. W. (1995). Conservation genetics of the extinct dusky seaside sparrow
Ammodramus
maritimus
nigrescens
.
Biological Conservation, 74
(1), 69-71. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(95)00010-2