The Origins, Evolution, and Dispersal of Modern People - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The Origins, Evolution, and Dispersal of Modern People

Chapter 11

Slide2

What Makes a Modern Human?

Modern refers to anatomical traits, such as

High, vertical forehead

Round skull

Small

browridges

Small face

Small teeth

Chin

Archaic (Human Ancestors) have

Larger brow ridges

Larger face and teeth

Wider nose

No chin

Slide3

“Archaic” Homo sapiens

AKA Archaic humans:

hominins

found in Africa, Europe, and Asia from 600,000-30,000 years ago

They are different from

Homo erectus

and similar to, but not quite,

Homo sapiens

Slide4

“Archaic” Homo sapiens

Include:

Homo

heidelbergensis

Homo

neanderthalensis

Slide5

The Origin of Modern Homo sapiens

There are two main hypotheses on how and where we emerged

1.

Out Of

Africa/Replacement:

Humans first evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago

Migrated around the world and wiped out all other species

Humans are the only ones left

Humans “replaced” all other species

Slide6

The Origin of Modern Homo sapiens

2

. Multiregional:

There were different regions of origins of

humans

We cannot pinpoint one area

Migration and gene flow merged the different species into one final species:

humans

Humans are a collection of all

hominin

gene pools

Slide7

Slide8

Evidence

Older

fossils are found

in Africa

(

200,000 years

vs

130,000 in Europe)

African

fossils are older, showing they are the original

Using

mtDNA

, we have traced our genetic background to Africa, about 200,000 years ago

No “hybrid” species that show gene flow

Africa has more genetic diversity than the rest of the world

These all support which hypothesis?

Slide9

Archaic Homo sapiens

So, Archaic

Homo sapiens

or

Archaid

humans mean

our ancestors that had human

trends

Large brain

Small teeth

Tool use

Cultural behaviors

Include:

H.

Hedelbergensis

H.

Neanderthalensis

Slide10

Archaic Homo sapiens

H.

heidelbergensis

Known in Europe

Example is the

Atapuerca

skull

Used front teeth as tools, so

they are worn smooth

Probably from making clothing

Slide11

Archaic Homo sapiens

Levallois

tool technique:

Middle Paleolithic

More complex than

H. erectus

Slide12

Archaic Homo sapiens

First

burial

Known from body found with pink

handaxe

This tool was not functional, it was symbolic

Slide13

Slide14

Neanderthals

Migrated to Europe and Middle East

Unique anatomy:

Long, barrel-shaped skull

Occipital bun

: knot on base of skull for extra neck muscle

Large nasal opening (cold environment)

Short and stocky (cold environment

)

Slide15

Slide16

Neanderthals

Neanderthals are thought to be un-intelligent

Why?

First

fossils discovered were hunched over and had large brow ridges. People though this showed the stupid, grunting “caveman.” However, the skeleton was just an old man with arthritis

They actually have huge

brains,

speech, and are very

intelligent

Slide17

Slide18

Examples

Amud

Neanderthal:

Israel, 55,000-40,000

ybp

Complete skeleton

Huge brain (1,740 cc

!!)

Shanidar

:

Iraq, 45,000

ybp

Broken bones and arthritis

Front teeth very worn (used as tools, probably to help make clothing)

Arm possibly amputated (see picture

)

Krapina

:

Croatia, 32,000

ybp

Cut marks on bone show cannibalism

Slide19

Neanderthal bodies

Walked with bent-knee

Could

talk, pretty much just like us

Nasal opening helped warm the freezing air in the environment

Short, stocky body also helped trap warmth (Bergmann’s and Allen’s Rules)

Very robust and

muscular

More muscular than humans

Larger brain than humans

Slide20

Neanderthal Human

Slide21

Neanderthal Tools and Hunting

Mousterian Tools

:

Also Middle

Paleolithic

Complex

Hafted

tools (put a stone point on a stick to make a spear

)

Slide22

Neanderthal Tools and Hunting

Big

Game Hunters:

Specialized in large animals

Meat made up almost all of their diet

Hunted by running up to animals and spearing them…dangerous

Skeletons have tons of fractures

Slide23

Slide24

Neanderthal Culture

Neanderthals also buried their dead

Purposely dug pits

Bodies placed in position

Remains of high levels of pollen (flowers put in pits

)

Slide25

Neanderthal Culture

Language

Connected to

intelligence

Neanderthals have huge brains

Connected to culture through learning and

teaching

Cannot hunt or make spears without communication

They did

have complex language

Slide26

Early Modern Homo sapiens

During this time humans spread out into extreme environments, including the arctic

Relied on technology and strategies

Cultural evidence: cave paintings and sculptures

Advanced tool techniques

M

any types of

materials

M

ade

projectiles

Upper Paleolithic

Slide27

Early Modern Humans

Average brain size is 1,450 cc (much smaller than Neanderthals)

Modern traits:

Forehead, small brow ridges, and chin

Best example is

Cro-Magnon

Man, from Europe

30,000-25,000

ybp

Slide28

Are We Related?

Using

mtDNA

, no similarities were found between Neanderthals and modern humans

So, scientists thought

that humans and Neanderthals did not interbreed

BUT, new evidence from the Neanderthal genome

shows

up to

4% similarity with humans

, so

did interbred

More

evidence supports Out of Africa than Multiregional, but some aspects of both are correct, so people suggest

a third model be

made

Slide29

Humans Migrate

After 50,000

ybp

, people migrated to Indonesia and Australia

One fossil species found is

Homo

floresiensis

:

18,000

ybp

but very small body and brain (400 cc)

Nicknamed “The Hobbit”

Where does he fit

?

Slide30

floresiensis

Human

Slide31

Humans Migrate

Hypotheses

include:

Genetic mutation

Retarded growth and

development

but

made stone tools, so they were

intelligent

Evidence suggests similarity to

H. erectus

, so possible group of

erectus

that got stuck on Indonesian islands.

Genetic

drift, Founder Effect

Slide32

Humans Migrate

By 15,000

ybp

, humans migrated to the Americas via the Bering Strait

Earliest people are called

Paleoindians

are used

Clovis

and

Folsom

tools

They hunted

megafauna

, or large animals

The success of human lies a lot with the development of projectile tools. We could stand back safely and hunt,

unlike Neanderthals

The emergence of modern humans coincides with the extinction of 50 genera of large animal