Emergence of Modern Science - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Emergence of Modern Science

NS 1300

Dr. Hoge

E=mc

2

Electromagnetic Energy

E = mc

2

Particles and Waves

What is a quantum particle?

Photons

Electrons

What is a wave?

What is a field?

So where does this leave us?

Quantum Mechanics

The discovery that

waves

have discrete energy packets (called quanta) that behave in a manner similar to particles led to the branch of physics that deals with atomic and subatomic systems which we today call

quantum mechanics. It is the underlying mathematical framework of many fields of physics and chemistry.

The foundations of quantum mechanics were established during the first half of the twentieth century by Werner Heisenberg

Max PlanckLouis de Broglie

Albert Einstein

Niels

Bohr

Erwin Schrödinger,

It is currently necessary to use quantum mechanics to understand the behavior of systems at atomic length scales and smaller.

Max Born

John von Neumann

Paul Dirac

Wolfgang Pauli

and others.

Unique Features of Quantum Mechanics

Reductio

ad absurdum?

Planck’s Constant (

6.63 X 10

-34 joule-seconds)

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

Schroedinger’s

Box Paradox

Spooky Action at a Distance

(entanglement)

Measurement Problem

Quantum Particles (quanta of energy)

Particle Wave Duality

The Double-Slit Test

Uncertainty

Quantum Attributes (properties of quantum particles)

Position

Spin

Velocity

Momentum

Is the Moon really there if nobody is looking?

Probability Waves

Probability Distributions

Eigenstates (such as position and momentum)

Wave Functions

Wave Function Collapse

Spooky Action at a Distance

Entanglement

Quantum teleportation

Quantum computing

Faster than light communication

Quantum Interrogation

Quantum Reality

Copenhagen Interpretation

Bohr-Einstein Debates

Multiple Universe Interpretation

Quantum Decoherence

Quiz

1. T or F, according the Heisenberg, wherever you go, there you are.

2. T or F, according to

Schroedinger

, you should own a dog instead of a cat.3. T or F, according to Einstein, ghosts exist only at a distance.

4. T or F, in a different reality, I’m a duck.5. T or F, beam me up Scotty!

Test Questions

Every object that occupies space has

mass

. Inertia is the tendency of mass to stay at rest or remain in motion unless acted on by an outside force. Any mass will retain its state of rest or its state of uniform straight-line motion unless acted on by an

unbalanced force.A force

is a push or a pull; F=ma; The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it inversely to the mass of the object.

p = mv; Momentum is Conserved; Impulse =

Ft For every action there is an equal and opposite

reaction (Newton’s 3

rd

Law). Reaction pairs are

specific

and

unique

to each other.

Friction

is the earth’s reaction force to our pushing against it.Gravity

(G) = M

1

XM

2

/ d2Projectile motion is the result of the balance between straight line motion and gravity. An orbit

is an example of projectile motion where the forces are balanced.

Quantum mechanics describes the behavior of

subatomic

particles.

At the

quantum

level, mass and energy are the same.

Behavior at the quantum level is “strange” but true. Applications of Heisenberg’s U

ncertainty

Principal, quantum

entanglemen

t, and quantum tunneling may lead to amazing future technology such as faster than light communication, quantum computing, and quantum teleportation.

Once particles form atoms and molecules, however, they behave

deterministically

.