Section 2 Life in the Oceans Section 3 Ocean Resources Salinit y measure of the mount of dissolved salts and other solids in a given liquid Thermocline marks the distinct separation between the warm surface water and the deep cold water ID: 1022646
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1. Chapter 24: Ocean WaterSection 1: Properties of Ocean WaterSection 2: Life in the OceansSection 3: Ocean Resources
2. Salinity- measure of the mount of dissolved salts and other solids in a given liquidThermocline- marks the distinct separation between the warm surface water and the deep, cold waterPack Ice- a floating layer of sea ice that completely covers an area of the ocean surfaceDensity- the mass of a substance per unit volumeSection 1 Key Terms
3. Pure liquid water is TASTELESS, ODORLESS AND COLORLESSWater in the ocean is not pure, it is a complex mixture of CHEMICALS that sustains a variety of PLANT AND ANIMAL life
4. Dissolved Gases3 main gases are dissolved in ocean water:1. N2 (Nitrogen)2. O2 (Oxygen)3. CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)Ocean water dissolves gases from a variety of sources such as:STREAMS and RIVERS that flow into the oceanUnder ocean VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSReleased by ORGANISMS living in the oceanFrom the atmosphere
5. Temperature and Dissolved GasesGases dissolve more readily in cold water; therefore, oceans in cold regions dissolve larger amounts of gases than water in TROPICAL REGIONSIf temperature rises then gases will not dissolve and will be released into the ATMOSPHERETemperature changes allow the ATMOSPHERE and OCEANS to exchange gases
6. The ocean contains 60X more carbon than the atmosphereImportant to the regulation of CLIMATEThe Oceans as a Carbon Sink
7. 96.5% pure water3.5% sea saltsDissolved Solids
8. Dissolved solids in the ocean are made up of 75 chemical elements with the 6 most abundant being:ChlorineSodiumMagnesiumSulfurCalciumPotassium85% of the dissolved solids are made up of Halite (salt made from sodium and chlorine)Most Abundant Elements
9. Most elements that form sea salts come from 3 main sources: 1. VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS 2. CHEMICAL WEATHERING OF ROCK ON LAND 3. CHEMICAL REACTIONS BETWEEN SEA WATER AND NEWLY FORMED SEA FLOOR ROCKSSources of Dissolved Solids
10. Salinity of Ocean WaterSalinity- measure of the mount of dissolved salts and other solids in a given liquidMeasured by # of grams of dissolved solids in 1,000g of ocean waterEx. 35g of dissolved solids per 1,000g ocean water35g/1,000g = .035.035 = 3.5%Salinity of sample would be 3.5 %
11. Precipitation changes salinityWhen the rate of EVAPORATION is higher than the rate of PRECIPITATION, the salinity INCREASESFactors that Change Salinity
12. Varies depending on DEPTH and LOCATION on the surface of the oceanTemperature of Ocean Water
13. Surface WaterWaves and currents distribute heat DOWNWARD to 300m thus keeping temperatures CONSTANTWater temperatures DECREASE with latitude (meaning moving North of the equator or South of the equator)
14. Surface Water Continued…Floating layers of sea ice that completely covers an area of ocean surface is called PACK ICEOnly 5m thick because it acts as an INSULATOR keeping water below warm
15. Temperature DECREASES as depth increasesThermocline: marks the distinct separation between the WARM water and COLD deep waterCreated because warm water is LESS dense and wont mix with the cold waterThermocline
16. Two factors that affect the density of ocean water:SALINITYTEMPERATUREMore dense than FRESHWATERTemperature affects density more than SALINITY doesOcean water is more dense near the POLAR regionsDensity of Ocean Water
17. Appears blue because blue wavelengths tend to be REFLECTEDColor of the Ocean Water
18. Why is Ocean Color Important?PhytoplanktonAbsorb RED and BLUE light, but reflect GREEN; therefore, they can affect the color of ocean waterRequire NUTRIENTS to survive, so by determining the amount of phytoplankton can indicate the HEALTH of the ocean
19. Critical ThinkingWhy would surface water in the North Sea be more likely to contain a high percentage of dissolved gases than surface water in the Caribbean Sea would?North Sea waters are colder. Cold waters hold more dissolved gases. Therefore…North Sea would contain a higher percentage.If global temperatures increase, how would this change affect the ability of the ocean to absorb CO2?Oceans would warm. Warmer waters cannot hold as much CO2, thus more CO2 would accumulate in the atmosphere.If an area of the ocean has a large decrease in phytoplankton, how would this change affect other ocean organisms?Phytoplankton are at the bottom of the food chain; therefore, marine animals that eat phytoplankton will decrease and so would marine animals that eat those animals.
20. Upwelling- the movement of deep, cold and nutrient-rich water to the surfacePlankton- the mass of mostly microscopic organism that float or drift freely in the water of aquatic environmentsNekton- all organisms that swim actively in open water, independent of currentsBenthos- organisms that live at the bottom of oceans or bodies of fresh waterBenthic zone- the bottom region of oceans and bodies of fresh waterPelagic zone- the region of an ocean or body of fresh water above the benthic zoneSection 2 Key Terms
21. Sunlight2. Essential NutrientsMarine organisms depend on 2 major factors:
22. Marine organisms help to maintain the CHEMICAL balance of the oceansREMOVE nutrients and gases and return other nutrients and gasesOcean Chemistry and Marine Life
23. Elements are consumed by organisms then released back into the ocean when the organisms DIE, SINK TO LOWER DEPTHS AND DECAYDeep water is a STORAGE AREA for nutrientsNutrients return to the surface by upwelling, which is the MOVEMENT OF DEEP, COLD AND NUTRIENT-RICH WATER TO THE SURFACESurface winds move water offshore, allowing deep-cold water to replace the water that moved awayUpwellingUpwelling Visualization Animation Link
24. Marine Food WebsPlankton- the mass of mostly microscopic organism that float or drift freely in the water of aquatic environmentsNekton- all organisms that swim actively in open water, independent of currentsBenthos- organisms that live at the bottom of oceans or bodies of fresh water
25. Benthic Zones- bottom region Pelagic Zone- upper regionThe ocean is divided into 2 zones:
26. Intertidal ZoneSublittoral ZoneBathyal ZoneAbyssal ZoneHadal ZoneDepthShallow ShallowBegins at the continental slope and extends to a depth of 4,000m4,000 m – 6,000 mDeeper than 6,000 mSunlightAbundantAbundantLittle or no sunlightNonenoneMarine LifeSome marine lifeAbundant marine lifeScarce plant life, some animalsScarce marine life, no plant lifeSparse marine life
27. Region above the benthic zone and divided into 2 parts:Neritic ZoneOceanic ZonePelagic Zones
28. 3 CharacteristicsAbundant sunlightModerate temperaturesRelatively low water pressureSource of much of the FISH and SEAFOOD humans eatNeritic Zone
29. Broken into 4 zones:EpipelagicMesopelagicBethypelagicAbyssopelagicZones are based on depthOceanic Zone
30. Critical ThinkingExplain the effects that marine organisms have on the chemistry of ocean water.They remove gases and nutrients from the ocean while returning others.Explain how plankton form the base of ocean food webs.They use sunlight to make their own food and provide a food source for those organisms that cannot make their own food.
31. Desalination- a process of removing salt from ocean waterAquaculture- the raising of aquatic plants and animals for human use or consumptionSection 3 Key Terms
32. Desalination- a process of removing salt from ocean waterProcess is costlyFreshwater from the Ocean
33. Methods of Desalination3 main methods:Distillation- ocean water is heated to remove the salts, when the water condenses, the result is pure fresh water.Freezing- the ice crystals that form do not contain salt. The ice can be removed and melted to obtain the freshwater.Reverse osmosis desalination- uses special membranes that allow water under high pressure to pass through, but block dissolved salts.
34. Mineral and Energy Resources- PetroleumMost valuable resource in the ocean and located BENEATH THE SEA FLOOR¼ of the world’s oil is now obtained from OFFSHORE wells
35. Mineral and Energy Resources- NodulesPOTATO-SHAPED lumps of mineralsFound on the ABYSSAL FLOORSValuable source of:ManganeseIronCopperNickelCobaltPhosphates
36. Food is in the greatest demand of the ocean resourcesFood from the Ocean
37. Overfishing for a long period of time can damage the ECOSYSTEM and threaten the FISHING INDUSTRY
38. AquacultureAquaculture- the raising of aquatic plants and animals for human use or consumption1 major problem for aquaculturalists is that ocean farms are susceptible to pollution and may themselves be a local source of pollution
39. Concentrations of pollutants are so high that the fish have become UNSAFE for humans to eat
40. Describe how the mining of nodules may create problems between countries.Normally found in deep waters outside of national boundaries- problems determining who has the rights to them.How does pollution of the ocean affect the fishing industry?Destroy fish populations.How could humans be affected if microscopic marine organisms absorbed small amounts of mercury?Becomes concentrated in the bodies of the organisms and then end up in human bodies when humans consume the organisms.Critical Thinking