The Writing Center APa Citations - PowerPoint Presentation

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The Writing Center

APa CitationsAnd Integrating Resources

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APA Format

APA (American Psychological Association) FormatSome disciplines that use APA:Social Sciences:Psychology

Sociology

Linguistics

Economics

Criminology

Business

Nursing

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Particularities of APA style

Conveys credibility

Cite your sources according to its guidelines.

In-text citations (Author, Year, p.)

References page

Privileges efficiency

Write concisely: say as much as you can in as few words as possible.

Ex. “Based on the fact that” should be reworded as “because.”

Ex. “Period of time” is more concisely worded “time.”

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The Basics

All papers are double spaced in Times New Roman 12-point font with one inch margins all around.

All papers should have a title page.

For every parenthetical citation, there should be an

accompanying reference

on the Reference page.

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Formatting: The Title page

Running Head and Page Number

Only the first page will contain the words “running head”

Every subsequent page will have the actual running head (the title in capital letters)

In order to have a different cover page, select “different first page” when creating your header

Title of the paper

Your Name

Sponsor/Association

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Formatting: The Abstract

The

abstract

is a brief (150-250 word) description of what your paper will address.

Mention any

keywords

that will appear throughout your paper.

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Formatting: The Body

Optional Heading Style

Headings

should be, for example,

Centered, Bolded, and Should Use Uppercase and Lowercase

Sub-headings should be, for example,

Flush Left, Bolded, and Should Use Uppercase and Lowercase

Essential In-text Citations

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Why cite sources?

In research writing, document your sources, to…

Make the

style consistent

for readers

Give credit

where credit is due

Enhance credibility

as a writer

Avoid

plagiarism

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When I

borrow ideas from a source by…. paraphrasing or summarizing parts of it

lifting

key words or phrases

from it

pulling

statistics or facts

from it, or

using information in

tables, graphs, or diagrams

If you’re unsure, cite the source!

When should I cite sources?

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Mechanics of style:

Italics or Quotation MarksUnderline or italicize

when the work is published on its own (or takes over two hours to read or watch):

Book Title

Newspaper Title

Movie Title

Album Title

Magazine Title

Put in “quotations” the title naming something that is part of a larger work (or takes less than two hours to read or watch):

“Book Chapter”

“Newspaper article”

“Article in a journal”

“Short Story”

“Song”

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In-text Citations: direct quotes

All APA in-text citations must somehow include the following:Name of the author(s)

Year of the publication

Page or paragraph number

In-text citation:

Rumbaugh

(1995) reported that "

Kanzi's

comprehension of over 600 novel sentences of request was very comparable to

Alia's

" (p. 722).

Entry on the References page:

Rumbaugh

, D. (1995). Primate language and cognition: Common ground.

Social Research, 62

, 711-730.

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In-text citations: Indirect Quotes

Even if the information is not a direct quotation, you must cite information, data, and findings that are not your own

Must still include the

name of the author(s)

and the

year of publication

Not necessary to include page numbers if stating the theme or general idea of a whole article or study

Example:

Though feminist studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions (

Fussell

, 1975).

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In-text citations:Two or more authors

When referring to two or more authors within your text, write out the word

and

. For example,

Research by Alton and Davies (1990) supported…

For the parenthetical citation, use an ampersand (&) instead of

and

. For example,

…(Alton & Davies, 1990, p. 567).

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In-text citations:More than two authors

When referring to a study with three to five authors…Name all the authors the first time

Use “et al.” all subsequent times

…(Smith et al., 1994)

When referring to a study with six or more authors…

Use the first author’s name followed by “et al.”

…(Dents et al., 1984)

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In-text citations:Unknown Author

When referring to a study whose author is unknown, give as much information as you can.One Method

Use the source’s full title in the signal phrase.

Include the year of publication in parentheses

According to “Indiana Joins Federal Accountability System” (2008), …

Alternative Method

In parentheses, include the first word of the title and year of publication.

(“Indiana,” 2008)

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In-text Citations:

Online sources

For online sources, follow similar format used for print media:

For indirect quotation

(Butler, 2000)

For direct quotation

(Butler, 2000, p. 5)

For online sources that contain no page number, use heading, paragraph number, or both:

(Butler, 2000, para. 2)

(Butler, 2000, “Labels Ended,” para. 2)

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In-text citations:

Long quotes

When quoting

40 or more words

, create block quotations by…

Indenting

five spaces

from left margin (or one-half inch)

Typing the rest of the quotation on the

new margin

Double spacing

throughout

Omitting

quotation marks

Placing the

parenthetical citation after

the closing punctuation mark

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In-text citations:

Long quotes

Desmond (2000) described how Washoe tried signing to the other apes when the

Gardners

returned her to an ape colony in Oklahoma:

One particularly memorable day, a snake spread terror through the castaways on the ape island, and all but one fled in panic. This male sat absorbed, staring intently at the serpent. Then Washoe was seen running over signing to him "come, hurry up.” (p. 42)

This shows that Washoe truly understood the concept of sign language as a means of communication.

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In-text citations:

secondary sources

Sometimes, your source will cite someone else’s work.

When you want to use that secondhand information, you must

give credit to both sources

.

Use the phrase “

as cited in.

”

Example:

McClelland’s investigation (as cited in Toner, 1998) found that chimps…

This in-text citation means that you learned about McClelland’s investigation

indirectly

, using Toner’s text.

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Altering a quotation

You may want to add information to provide extra

context or background

for your quotation.

This is fine as long as you

don’t alter the meaning

of the quote.

Use

square brackets

to denote what information you add to the quotation.

Example:

Seyfarth (2001) noted that "Premack [a scientist at the University of Pennsylvania] taught a seven-year-old chimpanzee, Sarah, that the word for 'apple' was a small, plastic triangle" (p. 13).

 

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Altering a quotation

You may want to

omit

unnecessary or extraneous information from a quotation.

Make sure that this omission

will not alter the original meaning

of the text.

Use an

ellipsis

to show where you’ve left out words from the original text.

Example:

In a recent

New York Times

article,

Eckholm

(2004) argued that "a 4 year-old pygmy chimpanzee . . . has demonstrated what scientists say are the most human-like linguistic skills ever documented in another animal" (p. A1).

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References Page: Formatting

“References” centered at the top of the page (no bolding or italics)Authors listed in alphabetical order

by last name of the first author in the study

First line of the reference is flush against left margin

Its subsequent lines are indented (hanging indent)

Double-spaced throughout

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Referencing Books

Include the following information in this order:

1) Author Last Name, First Initial.

2) (Date of Publication).

3)

Title and subtitle: Capitalize the first letter.

4) City, ST of Publication:

5) Publisher.

Example:

Highmore, B. (2001).

Everyday life and cultural theory

. New York, NY: Routledge.

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Referencing articles

For an article, include:

1) Author Last Name, First Initial.

2) (Date of Publication).

3) Title of article is not italicized and is without quotation marks.

4)

Name of Periodical Capitalized and Italicized

,

volume

(issue),

5) Page-Page.

6) DOI (

doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx

) or http://url.com.

Example:

Hoxby

, C. M. (2002). The power of peers.

Education Next, 2

(2), 57-63.

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Referencing online sources

For a webpage, include:

1) Author Last Name, First Initial. or Organization.

2) (Date of Publication).

3) Title of document is written like this.

4) Retrieved from http://url.com.

Example:

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Reference list: Electronic sources. Retrieved from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_electronic_sources.html.

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Integrating Sources

Why is it important to incorporate sources effectively?It builds credibility with the reader.It provides the paper or argument with necessary support that helps prove your thesis.

It provides a factual basis for your argument.

It demonstrates a certain level of effort and scholarship from the writer.

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Steps to Incorporating Sources

Step 1: Understanding the source’s strengths and limitations.Multi-step process:

Read your assignment carefully so that you understand what you are being asked to do.

Select appropriate sources for your argument.

Think about what role your sources will play in your argument/assignment. (Ex: Does the source serve as an authoritative voice in support of your claim?)

Decide whether to summarize, paraphrase, or quote the source.

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Steps to Incorporating Sources

Step 1: ContinuedTips for choosing a sourceWhen selecting and using sources, do not forget that this is

your

paper, not the source's paper.

When selecting sources, do not merely read the abstract and decide to use the source.

Do not ignore a source because it disproves your argument!

Questions to ask when evaluating online sources

Who wrote the source? Is the author listed, and if so, do they have credibility problems?

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Steps to Incorporating Sources

Step 2: Integrating the source into your writingFraming:

Framing a source is introducing the source in your own words and giving a brief analysis.

This gives the reader an idea of the purpose of the source in your paper, and a transition from your ideas to the support provided by the source.

This should occur throughout the document, starting with the topic sentence.

Example

:

Mandelbum's

historiography of Major League Baseball can prove useful to the creation and utilization of symbolic capital in the National Basketball Association.

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Steps to Incorporating Sources

Step 2: ContinuedSignal Phrases: Signal Phrases are introductory clauses that signals to the reader a shift in point of view from you to your source.

They are like transitions for sources! Think of them like turn signals for sources: they are marking when you want to make a transition from the scholars’ viewpoints to your own.

Example Sentence

: Celeste Jones notes the apparent contradictions in the existing literature.

Example Signal Phrases

:

Argues, Notes, Observes, Acknowledges, Suggests. Addresses, Asserts, Believes, Claims, Comments, Compares, Confirms, Contends, Declares, Denies, Disputes, Emphasizes, Notes, Observes, Refutes

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Steps to Incorporating Sources

Step 2: ContinuedQuoting and Paraphrasing:

Quoting

: Using or coping words from a source such as a book, with acknowledgment of the source

Paraphrasing

: A restatement of a text or passage in another form or other words, with acknowledgement of the source

Quoting or paraphrasing without citing the source is plagiarism!

Why paraphrase?

It is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage.

It helps you control the temptation to quote too much.

The mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.

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Practice

Create an

in-text citation

and a

reference

for the following quote:

“Both cities have…a documented movement of middle-class residents to an ever-widening outer ring of suburbs.” from page 47

Publication Information

Authored by

Setha

M. Low

Excerpted from an article entitled “The Edge and the Center: Gated Communities and the Discourse of Urban Fear” (pages 45-58)

Published in 2001 in the 5

th

volume of

American Anthropologist

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Answers

In-text Citation

“Both cities have…a documented movement of middle-class residents to an ever-widening outer ring of suburbs” (Low, 2001, p. 47)

Or

According to

Setha

Low (2001), “[b]

oth

cities have…a documented movement of middle-class residents to an ever-widening outer ring of suburbs” (p. 47).

Reference

Low, S. M. (2001). The edge and the center: Gated communities and the discourse of urban fear.

American Anthropologist, 5,

45-58.

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Practice

Create an

in-text citation

and

reference

for one of the sources in your essay.

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Helpful Resources

Purdue Owl https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

The Writing Center

(First floor of the

duPont

-Ball Library)

Monday - Thursday

12 pm – 10 pm

Friday

12 pm – 3 pm

Sunday

3 pm – 6 pm