C limate change adaptation interventions - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Climate change adaptation interventions and natural resource conflicts- the case of Zambia

Mikkel Funder

Carol Mweemba

Imasiku Nyambe

Climate change and conflictThe climate change and conflict debateEmerging consensus: Climate change as

contributing

factor

Interact with long term conflicts –

eg

Kenya right now

But how do adaptation interventions themselves affect conflicts?

Some

attention to mitigation politics (REDD+, biofuels

etc

)

But what about adaptation?

Highly political: It’s about resources

, people and production

Implemented in

areas with contested

authority and limited state reach

Climate Change and Rural InstitutionsClimate Change and Rural I

nstitutions research

programme

Meso-level

institutional responses to climate changeCollaboration with partners in Nepal, Uganda, Vietnam, Zambia

MethodologyMain stepsStudy of the historical context of

climate

change

frameworks

Local institutional mappingTracing local evolution of climate change agendaProcess

studies of selected adaptation interventionsPhD study of community adaptation and responses

Main

techniques

Qualitative/ethnographic interviewsHousehold survey (n=200)Focus group interviewsParticipant observationWorkshops

Study sites in Zambia

Sesheke

Kazungula

Rural

drylands

Smallholder

maize

&

cattle

economies

High

poverty

rates

Low food security

”

Frontier

hinterland

”

Climate change in the study

areas

Extreme events and gradual change

Floods

and

droughtsChanging rainfall and temperaturesClimate change adaptation interventions

Introduced by NGOs, donors, mediaPicked up actively

by

state organisations, Local Governments, chiefs, communities

Local resource governance and conflicts

Access conflicts

*

Access

to fertile land, water, pasture, forests, protected areas

* Expanding smallholder agriculture/in-migration

* Cattle economy recovering * Land investments developing

Control conflicts

State vs Chiefs (land, water)

State vs Local Governments (revenue, state lands)Political conflictsEthnic politics, secession discourse

Institutional context

Fragmented

authority and resource control

Multiplicity of local institutions

Limited reach of central state

Adaptation is becoming an arena for fighting out broader conflicts – and contributing to them

Key adaptation interventions:

Resettlement (“planned relocation”)

Livestock management

Conservation agriculture

Local

resource

governance

and

conflicts

ResettlementFloods > displacement

Intervention:

Resettlement

Voluntary

scheme

Land title deedsExtension for adaptation

Early maturing maizeDrought tolerant crops (cassava etc)

Conflict

coercive resettlement

Conflict

access

to land

and

water

Conflict

between

chiefs and state over land controlLink to

broader conflict:State vs ChiefsWho governs?

Livestock managementDrought

Intervention

Shift

from cattle to goats

Intensify/

sedentarise-to enhance production-reduce disease

Conflict Cattle not goats!

Conflict

Seasonal movement

Link

to

broader conflicts:

Ethnicity

Lozi

secession

“Pastoral way of life”

Conservation agricultureUnpredictable

rainfall

Rising

temperature

Intervention

Conservation Agricultureminimal soil disturbancepermanent soil covercrop rotation

Long-standing policy

Conflict

Used to contain agric. expansion into forests/wildlife corridorsFarmers: Gvt is holding us backgiving land to conservation, timber companies, big farms

Link

to

broader conflicts:

Conservation

Land investments

So…Adaptation interventions in the study areas are fueling conflicts:

between households

b

etween households and extension agencies

b

etween customary and statutory institutions

What’s going wrong?

State interests in adaptationThe wish to act:

The

politics of food security

Fueling the motorbikes of a starved civil service

But: The Great Temptation

Climate

change justifies

intervention in production and

organisation

Adaptation = a way of governing

people and resources

Adaptation = a way of extending

state

reach and authority

Also

Mocambique

, Zimbabwe, Vietnam

The disconnect

Universal national policies vs local needs/contextLong standing policies continue in new forms

However…Adaptation also provides opportunity

for

communities

and

local

institutions to stake new claims

HouseholdsResettlement

Some HHs pursue “double strategy” of customary and statutory rights

Livestock management

Opportunity for agro-pastoralists to leverage mobility strategies “(indigenous knowledge”)

Conservation agriculture

Using yields to engage/challenge extension services

Chiefs:“Indigenous adaptation” discourseBoosts legitimacy in communities

Local Governments:

Climate change as argument for devolution

Degazette

state forests for community adaptation

Demand driven approach: water!

The challenge: Adaptation interventions may fail

Conflicts

may

escalateThe poorest will suffer most The opportunity:Opportunity to voice

grievancesChallenge exclusionary resource access and control

Promote

devolved

approaches

What can be done?New FAO suppl. guidelines on NAPs on the right track

Acknowledge conflictive nature of adaptation

Conflict &

resolution understated in adaptation

policies/guidelinesBring in conflict/negotiation tools from forestry/GreeNTD/REDD+ workAddress links between adaptation and land/water rights Land/water conflict and rights screening (add to NAP guidelines?)M&E: No. of land and water conflicts reported through

local institutionsKnowledge needs: autonomous adaptation, land investments, cooperation & conflict?

What can be done?Bring resettlement and domestic displacement “onto the radar”

UNFCCC: “Planned relocation” - guidelines under development

But resettlement experience

missing +

need integration with adaptation policies

More focus on domestic climate displacement and conflict (Uganda, Kenya)Work at the meso-levelLocal Governments are key - Kenya County Adaptation Funds – FAO Cap. Dev.Link adaptation/NAPs/NDCs to decentralization

policies (silos)Demand driven approaches – PPCR Zambia – water!Support planning flexibility of local line agencies (structural change)