Agricultural Pathways to Improved - PowerPoint Presentation

1. Agricultural Pathways to Improved NutritionPrabhu PingaliProfessor of Applied Economics& Director, Tata-Cornell Initiative for Agriculture & Nutrition, Cornell UniversityDavid SahnInternational Professor of Economics in the Division of Nutritional Sciences & Department of Economics, Cornell UniversityKatie RickettsResearch Associate, Tata-Cornell Initiative for Agriculture and Nutrition,Cornell University

2.  Household food access (quality, quantity and diversity)Raising incomes Ensuring market availability of low-cost nutritious foodDietary diversity  Meeting individual dietary needs and ensuring nutrient absorption/utilizationFood choice and intra-household allocationGood health and prevent infectionAlso, look at reverse causality, between health and nutrition, and agricultural productivity.Nutrition-Agriculture Pathways

3. Focus on women and girls during childbearing years, and infants/young children: First 1,000 days from conception to 2 years old in utero: prenatal care; nutrient/prenatal supplements; ~ 6 months: promote exclusive breastfeeding6 -12 months: weaning; public health measures water and sanitation; primary health care to avoid infection-nutrition interaction (e.g., bed nets, immunization, ORT) education, women’s empowerment, and basic nutrition messagingsafety nets and cash and conditional transfers??low income elasticity of nutrition outcomespossibly greater effect with conditionality, e.g., health careOverall, limited direct role of food systems -- largely through increased wealth, incomes and education Malnutrition is multidimensional

4. …as well as other nutrition problemsMicronutrient deficiencyNutrition and cognitionEmerging epidemic of chronic disease

5. Food system classificationCharacteristicsSubsistence systemsLittle to no Green Revolution gainsLow per capita incomeLow agricultural productivityHigh malnutrition Intensive cereal crops systemsGreen Revolution gainsLow-medium per capita incomeModerate agricultural productivityPersistent malnutrition Often poor market linkagesCommercial/export systemsMedium-high per capita incomeHigher opportunity for agricultural productivityHigh levels of nutritional inequality and coexistance of undernutrition and overnutrition5A FRAMEWORK FOR CONSIDERING POLICIES THAT LINK FOOD SYSTEMS AND AGRICULTURE TO NUTRITION OUTCOMES

6. 6SUBSISTENCE SYSTEMSMuch of Africa and other regions that missed out on the productivity, income, and food supply growth of the Green Revolution. CharacteristicsProductivityFood value chainsLittle to no Green Revolution gainsLow per capita incomeLow agricultural productivityHigh malnutrition FOCUS ON NEGLECTED STAPLES AND TRADITIONAL CROPS: RESEARCH, EXTENSION AND INPUTStraditional and non-traditional crops cultivated by womenPROMOTION OF KITCHEN GARDENS, BACKYARD LIVESTOCKAccess to land and property rightsBIOFORTIFICATIONCONDITIONAL FOOD/CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMSUPGRADING TRADITIONAL MARKETSSMALL SCALE POST-HARVEST STORAGE AND PROCESSINGIMPROVING FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY

7. 7CharacteristicsProductivityFood value chainsGreen Revolution gainsLow-medium per capita incomeModerate agricultural productivityPersistent malnutrition Labor savings technologies for womenFOCUS ON ACCESS TO INPUTS, INCLDING WATER AND FERTILIZER INFORMATION AND EXTENSION SYSTEMS..FINANCIAL SERVICESSUSTAINED CROP PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH AND DIVERSIFICATION TOWARDS MICRONUTRIENT RICH FOODS.CONNECTING SMALLHOLDER FARMERS TO GLOBAL /DOMESTIC RETAIL CHAINS.EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN IN CASH AND COMMERCIAL CROP SALESDEVELOPMENT OF COOPERATIVES EXPAND OPPORTUNITIES FOR FOOD PROCESSING AND FORWARD LINKAGES IN FOOD SYSTEM TO CREATE EMPLOYMENT OFF FARMINTENSIVE CEREAL CROP SYSTEMSMuch of Asia and Latin America that experienced the productivity gains of the Green Revolution suffer from sustained poverty, malnutrition, poor market linkages, and lack of dietary and production diversity.

8. 8COMMERCIAL/EXPORT-ORIENTED SYSTEMSCharacteristicsProductivityFood value chainsMedium-high per capita incomeSTILL LARGE opportunity for productivity GAINSNutrition inequality (under-nutrition and emerging epidemic of chronic disease)GREATER ATTENTION TO SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONFINANCIAL SERVICESINPUT MARKETS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMSDIVERSITY INTO HIGH VALUE ADDED CROPSAGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENTINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS AND REGULATORY SYSTEMS FOR SMALLHOLDER INTEGRATION INTO FOOD VALUE CHAINS.STRENGTHENING OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS TO ENCOURAGE GENERAL RURAL INVESTMENT, FORTIFIED FOOD PRODUCTSIMPROVED REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT FOR FOOD SAFETYFOCUS ON SECTOR BEING THE SOURCE OF FOOD AS A SOURCE OF MODERATELY PRICED WAGE GOODS FOR GROWING URBAN MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTCOMMERCIAL/EXPORT-ORIENTED SYSTEMSHigh-growth export-driven countries in Latin America and Asia that have specializing farmers still need support transitioning to agriculture as a global/domestic business.

9. For poorest populations in Africa and South AsiaHealth and well-being in rural areas lag far behind urban areasProductivity effects more serious where physical labor critical inputWomen are particularly vulnerableEmployment patterns: women play a predominant role in the production of food crops ; especially in Africa. Biological vulnerabilities: women have special vulnerabilities related to reproductive health and they are adversely affected by health and nutrition risks. Life responsibilities: women have a set of unique responsibilities in the home, particularly in terms of the care of children.Role of Health and Nutrition in Agricultural Development