LO To identify how and why Korea was forced to sign unfair treaties with Japan and the West King K ojong of Korea 18521919 Choson Korea 13921910 Korea had been ruled by the Choson ID: 493549
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Slide1
How was Korea ‘Opened’? 1866-1876
L/O – To identify how and why Korea was forced to sign unfair treaties with Japan and the West
King
K
ojong
of Korea, 1852-1919Slide2
Choson Korea 1392-1910
Korea had been ruled by the Choson (Yi) Dynasty since 1392. Korea was governed by a
hereditary Monarchy and society was influenced heavily by Chinese culture: Buddhism &
Confucianism.Unlike Japan, Korea didn’t have an entrenched military class by instead, society was dominated by an upper class called the ‘
Yangban
’.
King
Taejo
of JoseonSlide3
Choson Korea 1392-1910
Korea had also been invaded many times. The Japanese led by Toyotomi
Hideyoshi had invaded in 1592 and 1597.The
Manchus had also invaded in 1627 and 1636 before moving on to invade China in 1644, creating the Qing Dynasty.The Manchus forced Korea into paying tribute to China, becoming a ‘
tributary
’ state of China’s.
Toyotomi
Hideyoshi
Shunzhi
EmperorSlide4
Choson Korea 1392-1910
After the Manchu invasion and until the 1850s, the Choson government followed a policy of
seclusion.All travel and contact with foreigners was forbidden
except from the occasional contact with the Japanese and tributary missions to China.Korea’s continued seclusion in the 19th
century earned it the nickname ‘
Hermit Kingdom
’.Slide5
The General Sherman Incident
In July 1866, the US ship ‘General Sherman’ arrived with the aim of forcing the Hermit Kingdom to
trade.The mission ended in bloodshed
with the crew taking Korean officials hostage and attacking civilians.The outraged Koreans set fire to the ship and killed all on board. Apparently Kim Il Sung’s
great-grandfather led the attack on the Sherman
!Slide6Slide7
The Opening of Korea – French Attempt
The French were next in October 1866. 7 ships were sent to open up trade.
The French attacked the island of Kanghwa near Seoul but were forced to abandon it due to being
outnumbered.The French were unable to negotiate a treaty so left in defeat.
Admiral RossSlide8
French landing at K
anghwaSlide9
The Opening of Korea – USA
Angered by the capture and murder of the crew of the General Sherman in 1866, the Americans sent a fleet of
5 heavily armed ships to Korea in 1871.They had 85 guns and over
1200 sailors and marines.They again wanted to force Korean to trade.
Council of war on board USS Colorado, June 1871Slide10
The Opening of Korea - USA
Despite being peaceful at first, a misunderstanding led to fighting.
The Americans destroyed all the Korean forts on Kanghwa Island but the Koreans still refused to discuss trade
.They had no choice but to leave on 3rd July 1871. The Korean’s were even more
suspicious
of foreigners.
Korean dead at
K
anghwaSlide11
Japanese Attempts
The Japanese were next to try. In 1873 the 21 year old King Kojong
, eager to rule on his own, forced the Taewongun out of power and sought friendship with Japan.Followers of
Queen Min opposed this move. Korea was divided.Japan decided to seize on this desire for friendship by supporting the King.
Heungseon
Taewongun
(Prince of the Great Court and Regent)
Empress
Myeongseong
known as Queen Min
King
K
ojong
of KoreaSlide12
Imperial Japanese Navy, in Pusan, on its way to
Kanghwa Island, January 16th 1876Slide13
The Opening of Korea - Japan
In February 1876 the Japanese raided the city of Pusan and was fired upon by Koreans on
Kanghwa Island.
Using this as a pretext, the Japanese with 400 soldiers overran the Island and raided the Korean countryside
.
They then
pressurised
the Korean government into signing a treaty.Slide14
The Treaty of Kanghwa
The treaty recognised Korean independence but was in reality an
unfair treaty.The ports of Pusan, Wonsan and Inchon were opened to Japanese trade. Japan was
exempt from customs duties and given extraterritoriality rights.A
Japanese consul
was also stationed in Seoul.Slide15
Consequences of the Treaty
The treaty was a humiliation to Korea and opinion with Korea was divided – should they
modernise like Japan or return to the Confucian past?Modernisers
supported the King whilst conservatives supported the Queen.The Queen would eventually be
murdered by the Japanese
in 1895.Slide16
Consequences of the Treaty
In 1882 the USA once again attempted to sign a trade treaty and was successful – Korea-American Treaty of Friendship and Trade.
Similar treaties are signed with other Western powers.China is angered by what it views as Japanese meddling in its ‘
tributary state’.Slide17
Questions
Read the article ‘Opening the Hermit Kingdom’ and answer the questions attached.
Read the article on the ‘Korea: From Hermit Kingdom to Colony
’ and answer the questions attached.