Nationalism Triumphs in Europe - PowerPoint Presentation

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Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

World History Chapter 7Slide2

Building a German Nation

Taking Initial Steps Towards Unity

In the early 1800’s, Germany existed as many smaller provinces from counties to dukedoms, but they were independent under the Holy Roman Emperor.Napoleon raids German LandsNapoleon changed German political geography after his conquest of the area.

Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, united many of the smaller German states, and brought the Napoleonic Code, as well as the idea of nationalism to the German states.Economic changes promote unity

As Germany gradually agreed to common trade laws, many called for unification, and at the 1848 Frankfurt Assembly, offered the crown to Frederick William IV of Prussia, who refused it as it came from “the people”.Slide3
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Bismarck Unites Germany

Otto von Bismarck, a Prussian noble, used his position as chancellor of Prussia to unify Germany by a policy of “blood and iron”.

Master of RealpolitikRealpolitik

is a definition of politics where reality was the driving force (greed, power, security) as opposed to lofty idealism. There exists honor in realpolitik only as long as there is advantage in it.Strengthening the Army

To begin his unification of Germany, Bismarck first needed a grand army, which he created by taking funds from other budget areas.Prussia Declares War with Denmark and AustriaCreating an Alliance with Austria, Bismarck carved out a couple of provinces from Denmark, and then turned on his Austrian allies to end Austrian dominance of German politics and capture German speaking provinces in Austria.

France Declares War with PrussiaBismarck then baited Napoleon III to declare war on Germany, then humiliated the French in the Franco-Prussian War. This added provinces along the Rhine to a new German Empire.

Birth of the German EmpireThese victories emboldened the German nobility to offer Prussian King William I to take the title of Kaiser (emperor), and hailed the birth of the Second Reich (Holy Roman Empire was the first)Slide5
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Germany Strengthens

Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant

By the late 1800’s, German Chemical and Electrical industries were the best in Europe, and Germany possessed a merchant marine second only to Britain’sMaking Economic ProgressGermany possessed most of the same resources that Britain had to achieve industrialization, including vast coal and iron deposits, especially in the Ruhr valley.

Krupp – steel and weaponsAugust Thyssen – steel

Carl Zeiss - opticsPromoting Scientific and Economic DevelopmentScience in industry

Educated workersSyntheticsSingle currencyCoordinated railroads

Protectionist policiesSlide7

The Iron Chancellor

Bismarck considered both the Church and the Socialists to be a threat to the newly unified Germany, and took steps to address both groups

Campaign Against the ChurchKulturkampf (battle for civilization)Fought to make loyalty to Germany above loyalty to the church. Supervised Catholic education, expelled the Jesuits, made all marriages civil, not religious.

Policies backfired, Bismarck recognized errorsCampaign Against the SocialistsFirst fought socialists by banning them, shut down meetings and newspapers. Again, these policies failed.

Bismarck then decided to woo workers away from socialism by granting many of their concerns, showing them that revolution was not necessary to get reform.These reforms proved very popular, and became a model for European social policies.

Kaiser William IIGrandson of William I, he removed Bismarck from office, making him undisputed ruler of Germany.Social WelfareTransportation

ElectricityExpanded public schoolingExpanded the militaryWanted to build a fleet to rival BritainSlide8

Unifying Italy

Obstacles to Italian Unity

Since Roman times, Italy had become a place of independent city states, and small monarchies, often under foreign controlAs with Germany, Napoleon’s invasion sparked ideas of nationalism and a unified Italy

Italy underwent many revolts but these were put down by Austrian and French forcesMazzini Establishes Young ItalyGiuseppe Mazzini, a nationalist leader, formed a revolutionary republic in Rome, but this was put down by the French, and Mazzini was sent into exile

Nationalism Takes RootThough Mazzini did not succeed, nationalism spread throughout ItalySlide9

The Struggle for Italy

Cavour Becomes Prime Minister

Victor Emmanuel II, constitutional monarch of Sardinia (includes Piedmont, Nice, and Savoy), in 1852 made Count Camillo Cavour his Prime minister. Cavour was much like Bismark, and wanted to unify Italy under Emmanuel

Intrigue with FranceCavour maneuvered Sardinia into an alliance with France and Britain in the Crimean War, and gained some recognition, which he used to set up a secret alliance with France against Austria.Fighting with Austria gained Sardinia much of Northern Italy

Garibaldi’s “Red Shirts”Giuseppe Garibaldi, a nationalist like Mazzini, who also spent time in exile, accepted Cavour’s support to take control of southern Italy and Sicily.With his 1000 “Red Shirts” Garibaldi was successful in gaining popular support in the south

Unity at LastAfraid that Garibaldi’s successes would turn him into a ruler of southern Italy, Cavour encouraged Emmanuel to send troops south against Garibaldi, but these troops joined Garibaldi instead of fighting him.

In a surprise move, Garibaldi gave up control of the south and his army willingly to Emmanuel, unifying Italy for the first time since the fall of the Roman EmpireSlide10

Changes Facing the New Nation

Divisions

Even though nationalism brought Italians together, old rivalries remained unsettledTurmoilItaly’s conservative government quickly became a target of Socialists who pushed for liberal reforms, while anarchists* (those who oppose all government) committed acts of sabotage and violence

Economic ProgressThough without the coal reserves of nations like Britain and Germany, industrialization improved conditions in Italy, though many of the poor and discouraged emigrated from the country to find new opportunities in the U.S.Slide11

Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

The Hapsburg Empire Declines

Once ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, The Hapsburg family still controlled Austria-Hungary.Austria Faces ChangeCongress of Vienna“Rule, and change nothing.” Francis I to his son.

Resisted industrialization as a threat to traditional life.Multiracial problems added to the pains of modernizationIndustrial workers strikesSocialists (*note: Why always socialists?)

A Multinational EmpireEmpire of 50 Million people, only a quarter of them AustrianHalf were Slavic peoples: Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes

Italians, Hungarians make up the restRival groups often pushed togetherNationalism becomes the fire, rather than the glueRevolts of 1848 put down harshly

Francis Joseph Grants Limited ReformsYoung Francis Joseph (18) would rule until WWIMade limited reforms, but favored Austria heavilySlide12

Formation of the Dual Monarchy

The Austria-Hungary Government

Under pressure after Austria’s defeat to Prussia, a moderate Hungarian Ferene Deak

proposed a dual monarchy, with Francis Joseph as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.Shared ministries of Finance, Defense, and Foreign Affairs, but all other functions were separateFormed the Austrian-Hungarian GovernmentNationalist Unrest Increases

Other groups were less than satisfied with this compromise, and Slavic peoples called for independence.Unrest would continue to increase until the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, which would start WWISlide13

The Ottoman Empire Collapses

The Ottoman Empire, stretching from the Balkans to North Africa to the Middle East, was similar to the Hapsburg Empire in that it was multinational, and nationalism was a pressure splitting the Empire apart.

Balkan Nationalism EruptsGreece and Serbia win independence (1830’s)

Other Baltic nations continue unrest to gain independence (Romania, Bulgaria)European Powers Divide up the Ottoman EmpireSeeing the Ottomans as weak, “the old man of Europe”, the other European powers moved in to take what they wanted, splitting the Empire up.

Russia moved around the Black Sea, Austria-Hungary grabbed Bosnia and Herzegovina, while England and France moved to take the Middle East and North Africa.War in the BalkansEvery European engaged in wars in this region, sometimes directly, sometimes by proxy, and the alliances changed depending on the interests of the European power.

This resulted in the region being highly unstable, known as the “Balkan Powder Keg”Slide14

Russia: Reform and Reaction

Conditions in Russia

By 1815 Russia was the largest and most populous state in Europe, with territory stretching from the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea, and from Baltic Sea to the Pacific and beyond (Alaska and coast down to California)Despite attempts to westernize by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, Russia had to deal with it’s huge size and a rigid social structure that resisted change.

Russia’s social structureLandowning nobles dominated the structure of Russian society, and resented any attempt to reduce their authority and privileges.There was virtually no middle class in Russia that could counteract the power of the nobles.

The vast majority of people in Russia were serfs, who were little better than slaves.The inefficiencies of the system were of little concern to the nobles, who only wanted to protect their power.

Ruling with Absolute PowerThough the Tsars of Russia held absolute power, efforts at reform did little good, nor did enlightenment ideals reach far into the interior. Each time the Crown attempted to make the lives of the peasants, support from the nobles weakened.Slide15

Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution

As Russia attempted to expand along the Black Sea, France and Britain attacked the Crimean Peninsula in the Black Sea (1855). This defeat for Russia underlined how backward Russia had become, and started to bring pressure for reforms.

Freeing the Serfs

Following widespread discontent, Alexander II issued a royal decree ending serfdom.While reforms did not provide enough land for former serfs to be independent, it was the turning point for other reforms.Introducing Other Reforms

Instituting local governmentRoad repairs, schools, agricultureTrial by juryReduced censorshipMilitary service reduced

Encouraged industryRevolutionary CurrentsThese reforms did not do much to quell anger; peasants needed land, liberals wanted a constitution, radicals wanted even more reform

The Tsar, fearing revolution, moved away from reform and became repressiveThe failures of reform, and reaction to the more repressive attitude of government led to the assassination of Alexander II in 1881Slide16

Minorities Suffer

Crackdown

Alexander III responded to the assassination of his father by becoming even more repressiveSecret policeExile to SiberiaStrict censorship

Russification (One language, one church)Minority groups suffer persecution (Ukrainians, Poles, Finns, Armenians, Muslims and Jews)Persecution and Pogroms

Jewish people in Poland and Ukraine (acquired by Russia)Under Alexander III, Jewish people were limited in terms of the number who could attend universities and what they could study, what professions they could have, where they could live (shtetle

)Jewish people were often the targets of pogroms, government approved mob violence against minoritiesMany Jewish people emigrated to the U.S. as a resultSlide17

Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution

The drive to industrialize Russia occurred late in 1890, far behind other European powers. Money was a major problem, as well as the vast distances in Russia (trans-Siberian railroad).

This economic development brought many to the cities eager to find work in the factories, but hours were long, wages poor, and conditions harsh.

Socialist activists brought the politics of Karl Marx to the workers.Russo-Japanese WarIn 1904, after a series of expansions by the Russians into territories the Japanese considered to be important to Japan, the Japanese decided to attack Port Arthur (Russian naval base).

In all, the Russians were humiliated by the Japanese, loosing not only considerable territory, as well as two fleets.Slide18

“A Whiff of Grapeshot…”

Bloody Sunday

News of the military disasters released pent up discontent, and protesters went on strike. Worked demanded more pay and shorter hours, liberals called for a constitution.A peaceful protest led by a priest to the Winter Palace. The Tsar panicked and called out the army. Hundreds were shot down.

The Revolution of 1905Violence exploded across Russia, and the government was essentially powerless.In an October Manifesto, Nicholas I ordered several reforms enacted, including freedoms of “person, conscience, speech, assembly, and union.”

Nicholas I also created a Duma to approve lawsResults of the RevolutionThe Manifesto won over moderates, but Nicholas I quickly shut down the

Duma when it criticized the governmentThe only lesson Nicholas learned was more repression, which can only be tolerated for so long…Prime Minister Peter

Stolypin understood this, and tried to enact reforms, but it was too little too late. Stolypin was assassinated in 1911.