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Nutrients and Soil Organic Matter for Crops: Nutrients and Soil Organic Matter for Crops:

Nutrients and Soil Organic Matter for Crops: - PowerPoint Presentation

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Uploaded On 2018-03-18

Nutrients and Soil Organic Matter for Crops: - PPT Presentation

Care for these RESOURCES Starting with The Basics What is soil Naturally deposited MIXTURE of R ock particles Organic materials Air Water Soil Components Soil Components Air Mixture of atmospheric gases ID: 656188

organic soil energy nutrients soil organic nutrients energy plant matter water plants crop crops air components light food manures

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Presentation Transcript

Slide1

Nutrients and

Soil Organic Matter for Crops:

Care for these RESOURCESSlide2

Starting with The Basics!Slide3

What is soil

Naturally deposited MIXTURE of:

R

ock particles

“Organic” materials

Air

WaterSlide4

Soil ComponentsSlide5

Soil Components

Air

= Mixture of atmospheric gasesSlide6

Soil Components

MINERAL

= Solid compound of known composition:

NaCl

,

SiO

2

,

Al

2

Si

2

O

5

(OH)

4

ROCK

= Mixture of minerals

(more on

these

in a little while…)Slide7

Soil Components

WATER

=

H

2

O

Every living thing needs water

Water shapes the planetSlide8

Soil Components

Organic Matter

= Solid material originating from living organismsSlide9

A deeper look at

Soil Organic Matter

WHERE does it come from?Slide10

Plants ARE Organic Matter!

Well, WHERE do plants come from?

AIR ~ WATER ~ LIGHTSlide11

AIRSlide12

WATERSlide13

LIGHTSlide14

PHOTOSYNTHESIS- conversion of

Light Energy into Chemical Energy

Creates carbon-based plant life-

“FIXED CARBON” or

“REDUCED CARBON”

-from

CO

2

Water

Light Energy

GLUCOSESlide15

SO: Plants produce

their own food (ENERGY)!!

Glucose=Basic Sugar

Immediate energy for plant

Building Block of:

Starch- energy storage

Cellulose- structural carbohydrate

Fats, oils, waxesSlide16

Cellulose: basic structural unit of plant cell walls

Most abundant organic polymer on Earth

Makes up:

90

% of Cotton fiber

40-50% of Wood

Microorganisms

can digest it!!!Slide17

Plants=Food

Food=Energy

Energy=Fuel

Fuel “BURNS”

All life requires FuelSlide18

About ENERGY… The CARBON Cycle

CO

2

“Reduced Carbon”

RESPIRATION

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

(GLUCOSE)Slide19

Plant material is the ULTIMATE Source of SOIL ORGANIC MATTER and ENERGY

Agricultural Production Systems

sIMulator

(

APSIM

)

Chemical Energy

of organic matter is converted into new organisms

Accumulation of organic matter

Organisms mineralize nutrients

Plants and animals grow and die

Residues enter the soil ecosystem

…and are broken down and transformed by soil microbes and faunaSlide20

Energy feeds the Soil Food WebSlide21

Plants SYNTHESIZE Biomolecules

Not all biomolecules are carbohydrates!

Fats, Proteins, Vitamins, Cofactors, and Nucleic Acids all have CARBON backbones

MORE INGREDIENTS REQUIRED FOR THESE… Slide22

Plant Nutrients-

Elements obtained from the SOIL

Phosphorus (P)

Potassium (K)

Calcium (Ca)

Magnesium (Mg)

Sulfur (S)

MACRONUTRIENTS

MICRONUTRIENTS

Iron (Fe)

Manganese (

Mn

)

Zinc (Zn)

Copper (Cu)

Nickel (Ni)

Molybdenum (Mo)

Boron (B)Slide23

One more… SUPER IMPORTANT

NITROGEN (N)

acquired by plant roots BUT

All N is ultimately derived from the air

In nature: Bacteria are able to use atmospheric N, which then becomes available to plants

In agriculture: Atmospheric N is converted to ammonium (

NH

4

) by an industrial process called Haber-BoschSlide24

Q: Where do these elements come from?Slide25

A: From the crust of the EarthSlide26

So Rocks dissolve- SLOWLY!!Slide27

Ionic forms of Plant Nutrients

NO

3

-

PO

4

-3

NH

4

+

K

+

Ca

+2

Mg

+2

SO

4

-2

Fe

+2

Mn

+2

Cu

+2

Zn

+2

BO

3

-3

Cl

-

MoO

4

-2

H

+

H

+

H

+

H

+

H

+

H

+

H

+

H

+

H

+

H

+

Al

+3

Al

+3

Al

+3

Al

+3

Al

+3

Al

+3

Al

+3

Al

+3

Al

+3

Slide28

Sources of Plant Nutrients

Weathering of soil minerals- very little

Added fertilizers- VERY IMPORTANT

Organic matter, including crop residues, manures, compost (more on this in a bit…)Slide29

Q: Why are fertilizers necessary for CROP production?

Hint: What does the word “CROP” mean?Slide30

Most added fertilizers are derived from rock deposits

Phosphate Rock, Potash Rock, Limestone, Gypsum, Talc, othersSlide31

Some fertilizer nutrients are applied as MANURES

Manure is an

ORGANIC

nutrient source- remember what we mean by ORGANIC…

BUT- there aren’t enough manure nutrients to meet more than 10% of US cropland needsSlide32

Why do manures have plant nutrients?

Livestock do not digest everything they eat

Manure can have 10 to 40

lbs

/ton of N and P

Organic nutrient sources release slowlySlide33

Agricultural Production Systems

sIMulator

(

APSIM

)

Nutrient Cycling through

Organic matterSlide34

All elements have cycles

Legumes!!

Nitrogen

Alflafa

Clovers

TrefoilsSlide35

All elements have cycles

PhosphorusSlide36

Caring for these Resources

Nutrients

:

They are necessary for growing agricultural crop plants

They are expensive

They are in limited supply

They can pollute ecosystems and groundwater if excessiveSlide37

Making the most of Nutrients

Some are removed with the crops

Some can be cycled through crop residues and manures

Losses should be minimized: a) for Cost

S

aving, b) for Water

R

esource

P

rotection, c) for Ecosystem ProtectionSlide38

Minimizing Nutrient Loss

Prevent soil erosion (loss of Phosphorus)

Allow space for vegetated buffer zones between crop fields and water bodies

Grow cover crops in fallow seasons to absorb excess soil nutrients

Apply manure responsibly

GROW LEGUME COVER CROPS FOR NSlide39

Caring for these Resources

Soil Organic Matter

:

Provides a slow release supply of plant nutrients, especially N and P

Has extremely important soil benefits, especially as FUEL for microorganismsSlide40

Caring for these Resources

Conservation of Soil Organic Matter

:

Minimize soil disturbance- aeration helps the microorganisms to “burn” SOM

Leave crop residues in the field

Apply additional organic materials if they are available

PLANT COVER CROPSSlide41

Questions?