UTRITIONALUIDEEEDINGORGHUMKim McCuistion, Ph.D.Texas A&M UniversityKin - PDF document

UTRITIONALUIDEEEDINGORGHUMKim McCuistion
UTRITIONALUIDEEEDINGORGHUMKim McCuistion, Ph.D.Texas A&M UniversityKingsville King RanchInstitute for Ranch ManagementDepartment of Animal, Rangeland, and Wildlife SciencesVERVIEWWhy feed U.S. Sorghum?Feeding sorghum to nonruminantsSwineBroilersDucksProcessing consideration

sFeeding sorghum to ruminantsBeef cattle
sFeeding sorghum to ruminantsBeef cattleDairy cattleProcessing considerationsForage sorghumTake Home MessagesUS SORGHUMFits well in least cost formulation of feed rationsFeed acceptanceNonNo current GMO traits are present in sorghumMycotoxinsLow incidence of occurrence, bu

t is possibleTannin levelsU.S. Sorghum i
t is possibleTannin levelsU.S. Sorghum is considered to have low/no tannins99% of all sorghums in the U.S. do not contain tanninAncient Grain / Gluten Free / antioxidentsPotential consumer preference in food itemsContinued research and enduse developmentUMMARYSorghum ca

n replace corn (or other grains) in rati
n replace corn (or other grains) in rationsKnow the differences in nutritional valueSpecies specific (nonruminant / ruminant)Key differences:Amino acid profile / Crude protein valuesFatty acid profile / at content PhosphorusAdvantages to processingGrinding / Heat + Press

ureORGHUMWINEEEDINGORGHUMWINESorghum
ureORGHUMWINEEEDINGORGHUMWINESorghum is an excellent energy sourceCan completely replace corn or other grains in swine dietsNursery and Finishing PigsGestating and Lactating SowsEnhanced nutritional value:Favorable digestible amino acid profile, available phosphorus conte

nt, and fatty acid profileKeys to utiliz
nt, and fatty acid profileKeys to utilization:Slightly lower energy valueNeed for proper grindingADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESEEDINGORGHUMWINEAdvantages:Often a cheaper source of energy than cornorghum has approximately 98% the energy of cornDue to the slightly lower energ

y, feed efficiency is often poorer, but
y, feed efficiency is often poorer, but gain is similarSwine deposit a firmer carcass fat when fed sorghumDisadvantages:Can be more variable in nutrient content than corn because of growing conditionsFine grinding (3 to 4 mm) or rolling is needed for best utilization PAR

TICLESIZEREDUCTION:PTIMUMARTICLEFO
TICLESIZEREDUCTION:PTIMUMARTICLEFORWINE•BALANCE: feed efficiency, processing cost, incidence of gastric ulcers & potential for bridging•GOAL: Optimize both pig performance and milling efficiencyLarge swine operations in the U.S. grind to 650 µmIdeal r

ange is 450300 µm may result in ulcers
ange is 450300 µm may result in ulcersEither hammer or roller mill will work with sorghumHammer mill = small screen size (1/8 inch; 3.2mm)Roller mill = 14 to 16 corrugations per inch to aid in slicingRichertand DeRoucheyORGHUMOULTRYEEDINGORGHUMOULTRYSorghum can repl

ace corn in poultry rationsSorghum can c
ace corn in poultry rationsSorghum can comprise 70% of broiler and layer rationsSorghum can be included up to 55% in turkey rationsAmino acid digestibility compares favorably to corn Sorghum AA digestibility averages 9597% of corn AAMethionine and Lysine values are lower f

or sorghum compared to cornSynthetic AA
or sorghum compared to cornSynthetic AA or byproducts can compliment sorghum diets orghum contains more protein than corn, which means the actual AA available for growth would be higher for sorghum compared to corn•Fat is slightly lower, but balances with meals/oils

NUTRIENTCOMPOSITIONSORGHUMFOROULTRY
NUTRIENTCOMPOSITIONSORGHUMFOROULTRYSorghum, 10% ProteinSorghum, � 10% proteinCornDry matter, %ME, kcal/kg3,2883,2123,350TME, kcal/kg3,3763,470Protein, %8.811.08.5Ether Extract, 2.92.63.8LinoleicAcid1.130.822.20Crudefiber2.32.32.2TotalCalcium0.040.040.02Nonphytat

e0.300.320.28Phosphorus, 0.08NRC, 1994P
e0.300.320.28Phosphorus, 0.08NRC, 1994Proximate analysis indicates similarities between corn and sorghumSorghum has reduced oil resulting in slightly less energy valueSorghum has more proteinSorghum has slightly more nonphytatephosphorus than corn EEDINGORGHUMOULTRY•

Sorghum planted in the U.S. does not c
Sorghum planted in the U.S. does not contain high tannin levelsData from 15 years ago undervalues sorghum Reported sorghum to be 8590% feeding value of corn due to high tannin contentReduced tannins in current varieties greatly improves nutrient digestibility for poultr

yLow tannin varieties are grown in the U
yLow tannin varieties are grown in the U.S. to maximize the value of sorghum in animal rationsANNINANDROILERHICKS479476456450460470480490CornSorghumTannin SorghumBody Weight Gain, gSorghum vs Tannin Sorghum (P 0.10)EEDINGORGHUMOULTRYOther considerations:Enzyme a

dditives can increase amino acid digesti
dditives can increase amino acid digestibility and ME of sorghum dietsPelleted rations are common in the U.S.Sorghum can be difficult to pelletUnprocessed sorghum can be included in rationsGrinding can increase feeding valuePARTICLESIZEOFCORNANDSORGHUMFFECTADG ROILE

RS3032900700500300ADG, gCornSorg
RS3032900700500300ADG, gCornSorghumParticle Size Quadratic (P 0.01)GRAINSOURCEANDPARTICLESFFECTADG ROILERS31.131.429.231.6283032341200600ADG, gCornSorghumGrain x Particle size (P 0.04)Grain (P 0.06) & Particle size (P 0.01)EEDINGORGHUMUCKSDi

fferences in nutrient metabolism do exis
fferences in nutrient metabolism do exist between ducks and chickensConsequently, nutrient utilization and bioavailability from one species cannot be confidently applied to anotherStudies feeding ducks have compared corn to other grain sources, including sorghumMost have use

d a hightannin sorghumBagliaccaet al., 1
d a hightannin sorghumBagliaccaet al., 1997; Ragland et al., 1997; Elkin and Rogler, 1991)Creates a challenge for poultry nutritionists based on the sparse amount of information available specifically for ducksRagland et al., 1997NUTRIENTMETABOLISMANDMEETERMINATIONRAIN

SFORUCKSCornSorghumN retained (apparent
SFORUCKSCornSorghumN retained (apparent), g/54 h0.0940.381N retained (true), g/54 h0.5550.842kcal/g3.1643.312cal/g3.1513.260TME, kcal/g3.5353.682TME, kcal/g3.4593.567Apparent DM utilization, %78.0577.11Ragland et al., 1997Grain sorghum can be used in duck dietsProtein rete

ntion and energy availability were not d
ntion and energy availability were not different between grainsSorghum protein retention numerically exceeded that of cornnergy availability of sorghum numerically exceeded that of cornThere is a need for additional research on duck nutrient metabolismORGHUMATTLEGrainBee

f NRCDairy NRCDairy OneSorghum12.6011.60
f NRCDairy NRCDairy OneSorghum12.6011.6010.53Corn9.809.409.20ADF, %Sorghum6.385.907.90Corn3.303.403.63Mcal/kg Sorghum2.011.942.11Corn2.252.052.20Mcal/kgSorghum1.341.301.43Corn1.541.391.52McalSorghum1.802.00Corn1.922.07Ash, %Sorghum1.872.001.92Corn1.461.501.55UTRIENTOMPOSITIO

NFORUMINANTSBeef NRC, 1996; Dairy NRC, 2
NFORUMINANTSBeef NRC, 1996; Dairy NRC, 2001; Dairy One, 2010 THEU.S. FEEDLOTNDUSTRYCereal grains are the most common energy sourceComprise up to 95% of total dietCompared to corn, miloHad similar ADGProcessing DMIItemCornMiloBarleyOatsWheatADG,1.431.391.421.501.38DMI,

kg8.939.438.779.158.65Feed:Gain6.326.886
kg8.939.438.779.158.65Feed:Gain6.326.886.246.126.34Owens et al., 1997; a,b(P 0.05)ROCESSINGORGHUMMilo mustbe processed for ruminant dietsOptions include:Dry rollingSteam flakingRoasting Primary reason to steam or roast:1. Disrupt the protein matrix encapsulating starch

2. Damage starch granules that are compa
2. Damage starch granules that are compactedROCESSINGORGHUMMechanics of flaking:Hydrate starch with moist heat to create irreversible swelling (gelatinization) of granulesCompress starch between rolls to rupture granules and shear the protein matrixHeat + Moisture + Pressur

e = Starch AvailabilityImplemented a
e = Starch AvailabilityImplemented alone = less impact on starchROCESSINGORGHUMBYETHODCompared to dry rolling sorghum, steam flaking:ADG is similarDMI is reducedResulting in a 15% increase in feeding efficiencyProcessADG, kgDMI, kg/dF:GME, Mcal/kgDry Rolled1.4310.477.4

32.94Steam Flaked1.408.686.333.56Owens e
32.94Steam Flaked1.408.686.333.56Owens et al., 1997; a,b(P 0.05)IGESTIBILITYTARCHORGHUMThe added growth performance and feeding efficiency is due to the increase in starch digestionThe added rumen availability of starch increases microbial synthesis resulting in more bact

erial protein available to the small int
erial protein available to the small intestineHuntington, 1997ProcessRumen,% IntakePostrumen, % EnteringTotal Tract, % DigestibilityDry Rolled60 +/87 +/Steam FlakedIGESTIBILITYTARCHFlake density is an important metric:Medium thickness is ideal = 23 to 26 Thinner flakes ca

use acidosis ( 23 Thicker flakes reduce
use acidosis ( 23 Thicker flakes reduce starch availability (&#x-200; 26 Monitor starch availability by fecal starch content.4% = maximized digestibility6% = bypass and digestibilityPositive ‘associative effects’Can be paired with highly fermentable grains

BLENDINGDRYROLLEDMILOWITHHIGH
BLENDINGDRYROLLEDMILOWITHHIGHOISTUREORNINISHINGStock et al., 19871.361.381.401.421.441.461.48100 HMC70-3050-50100 DRMADG, kgADGBLENDINGDRYROLLEDMILOWITHHIGHOISTUREORNINISHINGStock et al., 19876.26.46.66.87.27.4100 HMC70-3050-50100 D

RMFeed:GainF:GROCESSINGPTIONSCleaner
RMFeed:GainF:GROCESSINGPTIONSCleanerSoak TanksConditionerRollersRoasterFed to cattleStorageStorageMilo Roasting ProcessOASTINGTHEILODesign includes:Roasting drum at a declineMilo free falls through spinning drumMilo goes through a gas flameTemperature is 330Moisture +

heat = milo to swellGoal is to swell, no
heat = milo to swellGoal is to swell, not popOLLINGTHEILODesign includes:2 rollers 23 mm apartSpring action in the rollsFlattens milo, but expands after rollingGoal is a 24 Flake check Adjust to maintain 24 Must maintain 23 to 26 Moisture is 910% OASTINGVSLAKINGILORoas

tingFlakingFlake consistency Can be vari
tingFlakingFlake consistency Can be variableMore consistentTemperatureCook time0.51.0 minutes1.5 hoursRate9 tons/5 tons/Cost$2/processed ton$7/processed tonStarchavailabilityFeed conversion5.2 5.65.5 5.8 Why not roast?Liability due to temperature & open flameIts not as ‘

;pretty’ for custom feedersTHEU.S.
;pretty’ for custom feedersTHEU.S. DAIRYNDUSTRYStarch is the primary energy source when feeding dairy cows for high levels of milk productionRuminalfermentation profiles vary based on grainSorghum ferments slower than other grainsA mixture of grains may be idealNume

rous studies report that orghum can repl
rous studies report that orghum can replace corn inairy rations with no difference in:DMI, milk yield, milk fat %, and BWROCESSINGFORAIRYATTLENormal processing methods include:Dry rolling, grinding, steam rolling, steam flaking and pelletingGOAL: increase ruminalstarch d

igestionHeat + Moisture + Pressure =
igestionHeat + Moisture + Pressure = Starch Availabilitystarch digestion = microbial protein production = available protein for milk productionROCESSINGFORAIRYATTLESorghumCornP valueDryMatter Intake, kg/d25.926.10.82Milk,kg/d36.536.90.84Protein, %2.963.000.58Fat

,3.193.110.45Total trackstarch digestion
,3.193.110.45Total trackstarch digestion, %98.697.90.86Theureret al., 1999Steamflaking of either corn or sorghum resulted in a 20% increase in as compared to dry rolledA review of 24 studies found steamflaked corn and sorghum were similar in intake and lactation performance

ORAGEORGHUMDifferent types and traits:Y
ORAGEORGHUMDifferent types and traits:Yield QualityDifferent uses:Graze, Hay, or SilageDifferent segments of the cattle industryStocker cattleFeedlot cattleDairy cattleUTRITIONALHARACTERISTICSType to consider:Target use will dictate typeTraits to consider:Brown midrib (BMR

) high in nutritional valuePhotoperiod S
) high in nutritional valuePhotoperiod Sensitive (PS) high yieldingUMMARYSorghum can replace corn (or other grains) in rationsKnow the differences in nutritional valueSpecies specific (nonruminant / ruminant)Key differences:Amino acid profile / Crude protein valuesFatty

acid profile / at content PhosphorusAd
acid profile / at content PhosphorusAdvantages to processingGrinding / Heat + PressureAKEOMEESSAGESSorghum can replace other grains in rationsNutritionists have numerous ways to use sorghum due to processing optionsProcess sorghum to optimize animal performance and millin

g efficiencyUse U.S. sorghum with confid
g efficiencyUse U.S. sorghum with confidence that low tannin varieties will not affect animal performanceUse current nutrient composition dataKim McCuistion, Ph.D.kim.mccuistion@tamuk.eduHANKLink to the livestock feeding guides:http://sorghumcheckoff.com/sorghummarkets/a