Braz. J. Biol., 63(1):1-6, 2003PIRANHAS REPRODUCTION1 - PDF document

Braz. J. Biol., 63(1):1-6, 2003PIRANHAS REPRODUCTION1 AND Serrasalmus marginatus INTO THE UPPERNúcleo de Estudos Ambientais (Neamb), Fundação Universidade do Tocantins, Setor Jardim dos Ipês,CEP 77500-000, Porto Nacional, Tocantins, BrazilCorrespondence to: Carlos Sérgio Agostinho, Núcleo de Estudos Ambientais, Fundação Universidade do Tocantins,Setor Jardim dos Ipês, CEP 77500-000, Porto Nacional, Tocantins, Brazil, e-mail: agostinhocs@hotmail.com Braz. J. Biol., 63(1):1-6, 20032AGOSTINHO, C. S.reported (Braker, 1963; Ledecky, 1966; Kemper &Schreiner, 1971; Bebronne, 1982; Azuma, 1990).., 1968; Leão, 1985; Nico & Taphorn, 1986; Ma-natural geographic barrier, with consequent mixingSerrasalmus marginatusParaná River. The description of the invasionis analyzed by Agostinho & Júlio-Jr. (subm.). InS. marginatus was analyzed so as to answer1992-93 the catch was removed every 4 hour.by capture per unit effort (number of individuals of gillnet per 24 h).transparency, irrigation, color, and in females, theI (immature or virgin), II (maturing), III (mature), IRAniniRGSiRGSeNm = number of individuals in largest sample )( 10), 20), or very intense (IRA 20), as proposed by Agostinho Braz. J. Biol., 63(1):1-6, 2003PIRANHAS REPRODUCTION3RESULTSS. marginatus was nil (Fig. 2).S. marginatusapproximately constant. However, there was a markedextended from September through January. In (Fig. 4).the males care for the offspring (Ledecky, 1966;Schultz, 1972). There are, however, no publishedResistance to abandonment of the offspring by theguarding individual is a species-specific character.S. nattereriS. marginatus attacks the potential predator.marginatusmarginatus is also shown in the defense of itsfeeding territory. Individuals of S. marginatus to flee from their feeding territoryonly if they were 30% to 50% larger than the latterS. marginatus in caring for its offspring and Locations of the sampling stations on the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River. Braz. J. Biol., 63(1):1-6, 20034AGOSTINHO, C. S. IndexReproductiveActivityS.spilopleuraS.marginatus .86/8787/8892/9393/94.Ind.reproduction(CPUE) .86/8787/8892/9393/94.Ind.reproduction(CPUE) .86/8787/8892/9393/94.PeriodsNumberscaught(CPUE) Adults .86/8787/8892/9393/94.PeriodsNumbercaught(CPUE) Adults SerrasalmusspilopleuraSerrasalmusmarginatus Values of the Index of the Reproductive Activity of females of Serrasalmus spilopleuraS. marginatus by environment.Capture per unit effort of individuals in reproduction, and individuals adults and immature of Serrasalmus spilopleuraS. marginatus by collection period.in North America (Taylor marginatus in all environments, especially loticS. marginatusS. marginatusS. spilopleuraS. marginatus adults not accompanied by an Braz. J. Biol., 63(1):1-6, 2003PIRANHAS REPRODUCTION5 FebIndexRep.Activity 1987/88 IndexRep.Activity 1987/88 S.spilopleuraS.marginatusFeb Monthly water level and monthly variation of the Index of the Reproductive Activity of Serrasalmus spilopleuraS. marginatusS. marginatus is a solitary (Sazima &marginatus probably resulted in decreasedprobably reflects the negative effects of itsS. marginatusGasterosteus and (Cleveland, reproduces mainly intoProchilodus scrofa S. marginatus We thank Érica P. Caramaschi and JohnA. Prentice for helpful comments on the manuscript. We alsoLimnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture (Nupelia) for dataAGOSTINHO, A. A., GOMES, L. C. & ZALEWSKI, M.,2001, The importance of floodplains for the dynamicsof fish communities of the Upper River Paraná.Ecohydrology Hydrobiology(1-2): 209-217.AGOSTINHO, A. A., LANSAC-TÔHA, F. A. & TAKEDA, A.M., 2000, Relações entre macrófitas e fauna aquática e suasIn: Workshop Ecologia e Manejode Macrófitas Aquáticas, Maringá, p. 16.AGOSTINHO, A. A., SUZUKI, H. I., SAMPAIO, A. A. &BORGES, J. D., 1991, Índice de atividade reprodutiva:uma proposta para avaliação da atividade reprodutiva empeixes. In: Encontro Brasileiro de Ictiologia, 9., Maringá, p. 53. Braz. J. Biol., 63(1):1-6, 20036AGOSTINHO, C. S.AGOSTINHO, C. S., 1997, O impacto da invasão da piranhaSerrasalmus marginatus sobre a população deSerrasalmus spilopleura no alto rio Paraná. Tese deDoutorado, Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, UniversidadeAGOSTINHO, C. S. & JÚLIO-Jr., H. F. (Subm.), Observationof an invasion of the piranha Serrasalmus marginatusthe Upper Paraná River, Brazil. Acta ScientiarumAZUMA, H., 1990, Breeding the gold piranha, SerrasalmusgibbusTrop. Fish Hobb., 38: 64-69.BEBRONNE, E., 1982, Maintenance et reproduction despiranhas. Aquarama: 69-87, BONETTO, A. A., PIGNALBERI, C. & CORDIVIOLA, E.,1968, Las “palometas” o “piranãs” de las aguas delParaná medio. BRAKER, W. P., 1963, Black piranhas spawned at SheddAquarium. CLEVELAND, A., 1994, Nest site habitat preference andGasterosteus aculeatusGOMES, L. C. & AGOSTINHO, A. A., 1996, The influenceof the flooding regime on the nutricional state andrecruitment of young Prochilodus scrofaSTEINDACHNER, 1881, in the high River Paraná,Brazil. Fisheries ManagementKEMPER, H. D. & SCHREINER, W., 1971, Piranha. LEÃO, E. L. M., 1985, Caracterização morfológica e aspectosda reprodução da piranha Serrasalmus serrulatus(Valenciennes, 1849) (Ostariophysi, Serrasalmidae) doarquipélago das Anavilhanas, baixo rio Negro, BrasilDissertação de Mestrado, Instituto Nacional da Amazônia,Fundação Universidade do Amazonas, Manaus, 220p.LEÃO, E. L. M., 1996, Reproductive biology of piranhas(Teleostei, Characiformes), pp. 31-41. : A. L. Val, V. M.F. Almeida-Val & D. J. Randall (eds.), Physiology andbiochemistry of the fishes of the AmazonNacional da Amazônia, Manaus, 402p.LEDECKY, E., 1966, Spawning piranhas. Trop. Fish Hobb., MACHADO-ALLISON, A., 1987, Los peces de los Llanosde Venezuela: un ensayo sobre su Historia NaturalUniversidad Central de Venezuela/Consejo de DesarrolloCientífico y Humanístico, Caracas, 144p.NICO, L. G. & TAPHORN, D. C., 1986, Those bitin’fishfrom South America. Trop. Fish HobbSAZIMA, I. & MACHADO, F. A., 1990, Underwaterobservations of piranhas in western Brazil. Environ. Biol.FishesSCHULTZ, H., 1972, Piranhas – fact and fiction. : G. S.Myers (ed.), The piranha book. Neptune City, T.F.H.TAYLOR, J. N., COURTENAY, W. R. & McCANN, J. A.,1984, Known impacts of exotic fishes in the continentalUnited States. : W. R. Courtenay & J. R. Stauffer (eds.),Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishesBaltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 132-73.UETANABARO, M., WANG, T. & ABE, A. S., 1993,Breeding behavior of the red-bellied piranha,Pygocentrus nattereri, in nature. Environ. Biol. Fishes Braz. J. Biol., 63 1-6, 2003 4AGOSTINHO, C. S. Lagoon Channel Rivers 051 S. spilopleuraS. marginatus .4812 Ind. reproduction (CPUE) 4812 Ind. reproduction (CPUE) 102040 Numbers caught (CPUE) 10203040 Number caught (CPUE) Serrasalmus spilopleuraSerrasalmus marginatus Fig. 2 — Values of the Index of the Reproductive Activity of females of Serrasalmus spilopleura and S. marginatus by environment.Fig. 3 — Capture per unit effort of individuals in reproduction, and individuals adults and immature of Serrasalmus spilopleuraand S. marginatus by collection period. Aggressiveness was the determining factorfor the success of introductions of the brown troutin North America (Taylor et al., 1984).The high reproductive intensity of S. in all environments, especially loticwaters, of the Porto Rico floodplain confers onthis species an additional competitive advantageover S. spilopleura, which, besides being presentin low abundance, does not reproduce in theseenvironments. The adaptation of S. marginatus tolotic waters made it possible for this species tooccupy new environments, using the rivers as anentry port. The higher index of reproductive activityvalue of S. marginatus in lotic waters was probablybecause of the virtual absence of S. spilopleura,which would result in greater availability oflocations and make possible greater reproductiveinvestment.How can we explain the abundance increaseof S. marginatus adults not accompanied by anincrease in the number of individuals inreproduction?