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Slide1

Do Now

What does DNA stand for?What is the shape that DNA has?What makes you unique and individualized from everyone else?Slide2

DNA- Life’s Code

DNA -> RNA -> ProteinSlide3

DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis

From DNA to Proteins2 Types of nucleic acidSlide4

Influential Scientists

Frederick Griffith – Experimented with two forms of bacteria that cause

pneumonia

on mice

Smooth (S) and Rough (R)

Demonstrated

TransformationHis conclusion: some factor changed the bacteria

“Transforming Principle”Slide5

Influential Scientists

Oswald Avery – Was puzzled by Griffith’s discovery and worked for 10 years to find the answer. Directly observed transformation of R bacteria into S bacteria

Concluded that

DNA

is the

transforming

principleDNA = Genetic materialSlide6

Influential Scientists

Hershey and Chase

-

supported the conclusion -

DNA

is the source of

genetic information Used bacteriophage infected with radioactive sulfur atoms on protein. Bacteriophage – a virus that infects

and replicates within

bacteria

.

Minimal radioactivity found in bacteria

Used bacteriophage infected with radioactive phosphorus atoms on

DNA

.

Radioactivity

found

in bacteriaSlide7

The Hershey-Chase experimentSlide8

2 Types of Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNADNADNA stands for Deoxyribo Nucleic AcidDNA is genetic material

that determines inherited characteristics/traits

The job of DNA is to

code for proteins

in the body. Slide9

DNA Structure

What is the monomer that makes up DNA?DNA is made up of long chains of Nucleotides. Nucleotides- make up genes that code for a specific

trait

.

What makes up a

Nucleotide?1. Deoxyribose sugar ( S )2. Phosphate

( P )3. Nitrogen Base Adenine (A)Guanine (G)Cytosine (C)Thymine (T)Slide10

1. Adenine

2. Guanine

Purines

have two

rings

And come in two types:

PURINES

Nitrogen bases come in two types:Slide11

2. Thymine

1. Cytosine

Pyrimidines

have ONE

ring

And come in two types:

PYRIMIDINES

Nitrogen bases come in two types:Slide12
Slide13

Structure of DNA

Double Helix – Spiral ladderDiscovered by Watson and Crick in the 1950’s with the help of Franklin’s x-ray picturesDouble stranded

(Antiparallel

)

Complementary base paring

– the nitrogen bases on one side of the ladder ALWAYS pair up with the same nitrogen base on the other side of the ladder. Discovered by

ChargaffThe pairs are held together with hydrogen bonds A 

T

G



C

3’

3’

5’

5’Slide14

P

P

P

P

P

Complete the other side of the DNA molecule

P

P

P

P

A

C

C

T

P

T

P

Circle a nucleotideSlide15

P

P

P

P

P

Complete the other side of the DNA molecule

P

P

P

P

A

C

C

T

P

T

P

Circle a nucleotide

T

G

G

A

ASlide16

Do Now #2

How many different types of nucleotides are there? How do they differ? (# of rings)What is the monomer of DNA?What does DNA stand for?DNA’s shape can be described as a ______________?What makes up the sides of DNA?What makes up the rungs or steps? Slide17

Do Now #2

How many different types of nucleotides are there? Name them. How do they differ? 4 – Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine. A and G have 2 rings, C and T have 1 ring.What is the monomer of DNA? NucleotidesWhat does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA’s shape can be described as a

Double Helix

What makes up the sides of DNA?

Phosphates and SugarWhat makes up the rungs or steps?

Nitrogen base pairsSlide18

DNA Replication

(p.2 notes guide)

Remember: DNA is always copied during cell cycle

Mitosis & Meiosis

This takes place during the

S phase of InterphaseSlide19

Steps to DNA Replication

1. The DNA molecule is split down the middle (at the nitrogen bases) by helicase, breaking the hydrogen bonds. Similar to a zipper2. The

nitrogen bases

on each side of the molecule are used as a

pattern

for a new strand. 3. Complementary bases are added to each individual strand by DNA polymerase

(enzyme). Each new cell can now get a complete copy of all the DNA. – Semi-conservative One of the original strand, one newSlide20

DNA Replication

AnimationSlide21
Slide22

DNA Replication

Helicase enzymes untwist and unzip the DNA helix. (A replication fork is now formed.)

Binding Proteins:

Hold open the two DNA strands so that they don’t fold back onto each other

DNA Primase

enzyme adds a primer to each side of the open strand. Slide23

Do Now # 3

What is the difference between and NUCLEOSIDE and a NUCLEOTIDE?What is the sugar in DNA?

What would be the complimentary strand to the sequence below

CATTGAGGCTTCAG

4. What enzyme unzips the DNA Helix causing the replication fork?

5. What enzyme adds new nucleotides to the NEW strand of DNA?Slide24

DNA Replication

DNA polymerase adds the new nucleotides one at a time.Lastly, DNA

ligase

enzyme “glues” nucleotides together on the lagging strand. Slide25

Overall:

Both nucleotide chains separate and serve as a template for a new nucleotide chain. The open structure is often referred to as a replication fork. The leading strand requires fewer steps and therefore is synthesized more quickly.

The

lagging

strand is done in pieces since the helix uncoiling occurs in the opposite direction the polymerase is working. These pieces are called

Okazaki fragments. Slide26
Slide27
Slide28

***You are left with 2 exactly identical molecules of DNA double helix.***

Original strands of DNA

Original

Original

O

O

N

N

New

New

Semi-conservative Model

Slide29

P

P

P

P

T

G

G

A

A

P

P

P

P

A

C

C

T

T

P

P

P

P

P

T

G

G

A

A

P

P

P

P

A

C

C

T

T

PSlide30

Do Now

1. Complete the complementary strands for each of the following:Original strand: ATTCCG Complement:Original strand: GCTAAGComplement:

2. What is the purpose of DNA replication?Slide31

Do Now…..

What is the purpose of replication?How does DNA serve as its own template?

DNA polymerase

new strand

nucleotideSlide32

RNA: Transcription and TranslationSlide33

Central Dogma

DNA  RNA  Protein

Transcription

DNA

 RNA

Translation

RNA

 ProteinSlide34

Why make proteins?

Skin, muscles, nails, hair, hormones, enzymesHow do we make proteins?

RNA and Protein SynthesisSlide35

DNA makes RNA

RNA is the 2nd type of Nucleic AcidRNA is made of nucleotides, just like DNA

1.

Ribose

is the sugar

2. Phosphate3. Nitrogen Bases

Adenine (A)Guanine (G)Cytosine (C)Uracil (U): NOT Thymine (T)Single Stranded

When RNA is assembled based off of DNA’s pattern, this is called

TranscriptionSlide36

Types:

mRNA – messengertRNA – transferrRNA - ribosomal

RNA and Protein SynthesisSlide37

3 Types of RNASlide38

Comparing DNA and RNA

RNA and Protein Synthesis

DNA

RNA

SUGAR

BASES

STRUCTURE

LOCATION

Double Helix

Ribose

A T C G

A U C G

Deoxyribose

Single Stranded

Nucleus

Nucleus. Cytoplasm, Ribosomes Slide39

Transcription

Occurs in the nucleusDNA is again unzipped by RNA Polymerase.RNA Polymerase adds complementary RNA

nucleotides

Starting at a region called the

promoter

This makes mRNAmRNA =

messenger = carries the messagemRNA leaves the nucleus

DNA

DNA is too large to get out of the nucleus,

RNA

carries

DNA’s message

out of the nucleus to a

ribosome.

Ribosome

– where the

protein

will be made.Slide40

Transcription

---H------H---

---H---

Deoxy

-ribose

P

Thymine

Deoxy

-ribose

P

Cytosine

Deoxy

-ribose

P

Adenine

Adenine

Deoxy

-ribose

P

Guanine

Thymine

Deoxy

-ribose

P

Deoxy

-ribose

P

RNA Polymerase breaks H-bonds

Strands move apart

Ribose

P

Guanine

Ribose

P

Uracil

Ribose

P

Adenine

P

RNA Polymerase makes mRNA

mRNA exits nucleus

Ribose

P

Guanine

Ribose

P

Uracil

Ribose

P

Adenine

P

DNA re-coilsSlide41

RNA complimentary base pairing

during TranscriptionDNA strand = AATTTGCGCGGCTmRNA strand =DNA strand = TATGCGCACTGmRNA strand = DNA strand = CGATCAGCCTATmRNA strand = Slide42

RNA complimentary base pairing

during TranscriptionDNA strand = AATTTGCGCGGCTmRNA = UUAAACGCGCCGADNA strand = TATGCGCACTGmRNA = AUACGCGUGACDNA strand = CGATCAGCCTAT

mRNA =

GCUAGUCGGAUASlide43

Do Now

Fill in the data tableSlide44

Do Now….

Fill in the data table

CCGCC

GGCGG

ACGTAGC

TGCATCG

CTATTCT

TCTGAG

UCUGAG

GAUAAGA

CTGGCTAC

GACCGATGSlide45

Fill in the missing informationSlide46

TranscriptionSlide47
Slide48

Transcription: RNA Editing

Many RNA molecules require a bit of editing before they leave the nucleus. Introns- not involved in coding for proteinsThese get taken outExons- are expressedSlide49

Do Now…..

What are the three parts to the Central Dogma?How is RNA similar to DNA?How is RNA different from DNA?What are the 3 types of RNA?How do amino acids differ from each other?

What are the bonds that hold together the amino acids? Slide50

Do Now…..

What are the three parts to the Central Dogma? DNA -> RNA -> ProteinHow is RNA similar to DNA? Made up of nucleotides

How is RNA different from DNA?

Uracil in place of Thymine, single stranded NOT double

What are the 3 types of RNA?

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA How do amino acids differ from each other?

By the codons

What are the bonds that hold together the amino acids?

Polypeptide ChainsSlide51

Translation

RNA to ProteinTranslation converts mRNA messages into PolypeptidesString of amino acids held together by a peptide bondA

codon

is a sequence of

three nucleotides

that codes for an amino acid. Examples:AUG= MethionineCUU=

LeucineSlide52

The Genetic Code

The genetic code matches the mRNA codon with the tRNA anticodon to link amino acid or actionAUG=

Start/

Methionine

UAA, UGA or UAG=

StopCodon GCA =

Codon AAG = Codon CGA =Slide53
Slide54

Translation

mRNA carries the DNA instructions for making proteinmRNA goes into the cytoplasm through nuclear poresmRNA attaches to a

ribosome

to be “read”

Ribosomal RNA (

rRNA)Appropriate amino acids are strung together

to build a polypeptide chain by reading codons.Amino acids are attached to Transfer RNA (tRNA)

tRNA

is

complementary

to mRNA

mRNA codon- ACC

tRNA

anti-codon =

mRNA codon - GUC

tRNA

anticodon =

Polypeptide chain =

proteinSlide55

TranslationSlide56

TranslationSlide57

Large Ribosomal Subunit (

rRNA

)

E Site

A Site

P Site

Small Ribosomal Subunit (

rRNA

)

tRNA

U A C

Translation Mechanism

MET

tRNA

U A U

A

U

G

A

C

C

A

U

A

G

C

A

U

G

A

A

U

G

A

U

C

A

U

G

U

ISO

MET

A

U

G

A

C

C

A

U

A

G

C

A

A

U

G

A

U

G

A

U

C

A

U

G

U

tRNA

U A U

tRNA

U A C

tRNA

G

G

G

PRO

mRNA

This process continues until a stop codon is reached, at which point the mRNA strand,

tRNA

units, and

rRNA

subunits all are released.

Start Codon (Methionine)Slide58

TranslationSlide59

Process:

mRNA

C

U

G

A

U

C

G

C

A

G

A

C

ribosome

U

A

G

C

G

U

Amino Acid

A. A.

A. A.

tRNA

A. A.

Codon: 3 nucleotides of mRNA

AntiCodon

: 3 nucleotides of

tRNASlide60

Process of assembling polypeptides from information encoded in mRNA; Interpreting the code!

TRANS-LATION

Number

the 4 anti- codons in the order they occurSlide61

1. Which two mRNA codes correspond to

histidine

?

2. How many different mRNA codes correspond to arginine?Slide62

Protein

Synthesis

SummarySlide63

Mutations

There are two types of mutationsSex cell mutations: affect the offspringBody cell mutations: affect the

individual

only

Most mutations cause a disorder or

silent mutationsDNA Polymerase can usually detect errorsSlide64

Causes of Mutations

Mistakes in base paring during DNA ReplicationCause of many genetic disordersGene Mutations (single gene) and Whole Chromosome (Chromosomal

Mutations)

Chemicals

: like tobacco

Can lead to cancer because it changes the genes that regulate mitosisRadiation: including

UV (sun) and X-rayCan lead to cancer because it changes the genes that regulate mitosisSlide65

Point Mutations

1. SubstitutionPoint where one nitrogen base is substituted for anotherSickle Cell Anemia: substitute A for T Slide66

Frame Shift Mutations

2. Deletions and insertionsWhen a nitrogen base is deleted or addedFrame shift mutations- because it moves the codon up or down

Changes the sequence of

amino acids