The Northwest Passage St Lawrence River brings Europeans into Michigan waters England France and Spain claimed areas of the New World French get Northern North America Jacques Cartier 1 ID: 233529
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Slide1
French in MichiganSlide2
The Northwest Passage
St. Lawrence River brings Europeans into Michigan waters
England, France and Spain claimed areas of the New World – French get Northern North America
Jacques Cartier – 1
st
explorer to travel St. Lawrence – sent to find the elusive Northwest Passage (profit)
Meets Huron-Iroquois and finds name for area is ‘Canada’ – meaning village – he uses it for all land area he visits
Trade with Natives began – furs and fish for metal knives, hatchets, fish hooks, and pots
Fur bearing animals were becoming scarce in Europe (beaver was extinct in England by 1520s)Slide3Slide4
40N to 46N
French King wants a piece of the New World pie and allows fur trading companies to start settlements anywhere from 40N to 46N
Samuel de Champlain - 1604 starts a settlement on the southwest side of Nova Scotia – made charts of the harbor
First settlement is Quebec
Angry fur traders were already there as he tried to establish a settlement
Champlain begins war with Iroquois – killing two chiefs and leaving another to dieSlide5
The Dutch
Natives traded furs to Dutch for new weapons
New France was unhappy with the Dutch trading practices
Champlain wanted to try to find northwest passage, but Natives not interested in sharing all their secrets
Etienne Brule and Nicolas knew the tribal languages
Brule and Champlain discovered Lake Ontario in 1615 – reached U.P. in 1622Slide6
The British and Battles
1630 – British decided to sail up the St. Lawrence and take over New France
Nicolas and Brule were found by Champlain helping the British! – they had switched sides when it looked like the French would lose
Brule is killed by a group of
Hurons
before Champlain can bring him to trial
1634 – Jean Nicolet sails up the Ottawa River – travels through the Straits of Mackinac and along North shore of
Lake MichiganSlide7
The MissionariesSlide8
Jesuits were most aggressive missionaries in North America – also active in S. Am and Vietnam
Travelled far from French settlements – expanded area under French control
Studied tribal languages and customs making it easier for French to work with tribes
1641 – Father
Jogues
and Father
Raymbault
left mission where they were working with Huron Tribes near Georgian Bay
Canoed north to St. Mary’s River between UP and Canada – met a village of friendly Natives and named Sault Ste. Marie – Sault = rapids
Iroquois decided to attack Huron and others in area – killed many and tortured and killed the priests
This time of Iroquois invasions was an uneasy time and most of the fur trade came to a halt in North AmericaSlide9
1660 – Fr. Menard goes to Lake Superior region, spends winter with Ottawa tribe near
L’anse
On way back becomes separated from group and got lost and never seen again
French traders complained to King about attacks of the Iroquois - sends soldiers to attack their villages and burn their crops – Iroquois agree to uneasy peace
Claude
Allouez
travels along Superior and returns with copper from UP and stories of a great river to the west (could it be the elusive NW passage?)
1668 – Fr. Marquette comes to MI – always wanted to be a missionarySlide10
Fr. Marquette meets Marie
Guyard
– she started a school for girls in Quebec and there was a hospital run by nuns – both are still operating today
Marquette learned languages and travelled toward Sault Ste. Marie – a route that had 18 portages, some six miles long
Preaches at Sault because many Natives came there in the summer to fish
Priests were known as Black Robes
Marquette started a permanent mission at Sault Ste. Marie making it the oldest city in Michigan
Marquette helped nurse an Ottawa back to health and a grateful man gave Marquette a Native slave captured from the Illinois tribe
Learns of a great river called ‘
Mesippi
’
1672 – Joliet arrives in St.
Ignace
mission – brought news that the French gov’t had given permission to explore the great river – but that was all the gov’t would do
In Quebec, the men make contracts to finance the trip promising profit from furs collected
(see pg. 48-49 for excerpts from journal entries)Slide11
As the men travelled, at about 33 degrees, they worried about falling into hands of Spanish – decision made to start travelling north again
Marquette stayed at mission at Fox River while Joliet continued to Sault Ste. Marie
Marquette becomes ill – decides to travel back to St.
Ignace
Two friends help him, and in a desperate attempt to get him there, take an
untravelled
route along the east shore of Lake Michigan
Joliet has some setbacks, but eventually is given the largest island in the St. Lawrence River for his work in exploring the Mississippi
Jesuits recorded as much as they could about their ‘adventures’ in the area – it is reason we know so much about the early days of European
settlement in MI