POLITENESS Semra Emici - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

POLITENESS

Semra

Emici

Tuba

Göktürk

Duygu

Yoldaş

Rıdvan

Gürevin

Nihan

Ergönül

Hüda

Karasu

Mustafa

Murat Ata

Slide2

Politeness

Mustafa Murat Ata

Slide3

At all times when people interact, identities and senses of selves are jostling for attention. A central concept in pragmatics is the concept of face, that is, the public self-image that we all want to maintain

.

Slide4

There are two aspects to the concept of face:

Negative face, which basically denotes the need to be independent and free from imposition

.

Example

:

A-

Could

you

lend

me a

pen

?

B- I’m

sorry

to

bother

you

, but can I ask

you

for

a

pen

or

something

?

C- I

know

you

are

busy,but

might

ı ask

you

if-emm

-

if

you

happen

to

have

an

extra

pen

for

me?

Slide5

Positive face, which very simplified, denotes the need to belong and be accepted

.

Example

:

Your

friend

asks

for

a

ride

to

the

airport

.

Positive

face

needs

:

You

think

, I

better

take

him

,

because

ı

want

him

to

like

me,

and

I

want

the

reputation

of

being

a

reliable

person

.

In

conclusion

,

negative

face

is

the

need

to

be

independent

,

and

positive

face

is

the

need

to

be

connected

.

Slide6

Politeness is a way of interaction which shows awareness of and respect for someone else’s face.

A

face threatening act

is an act that threatens the integrity and self-image of another person. For example, giving someone a direct order such as “Sit down” and “be quit” implies having social power over that person.

Conversely, if we act or behave in a way that lessens a possible threat to another person’s face, we engage in a

face saving act

. If, for example, you wish to get on with the meeting and that your colleague would stop roaming about the room talking on his mobile phone, you might convey this by using an indirect speech act like “Right”, “should we sit down and continue?”

Slide7

This section will give a very brief sketch of how indirect speech acts differ from direct speech acts, as well as mention some ways in which languages have

grammaticalized

politeness. It is beyond the scope of this section to give a comprehensive discussion of all the aspects involved in the study of linguistic politeness.

Slide8

INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS

Rıdvan

GÜREVİN

Slide9

A

speech act

is an utterance that has

performative

function in language and communication. Speech acts may be either direct or indirect. In a direct speech act the content of the utterance corresponds the speaker’s intention of the utterance. So the declarative is a statement uttered with the purpose of giving information whereas interrogative is a question uttered with the purpose of getting information, and the imperative is a command uttered with the purpose of getting someone to do something

.

Slide10

Namely; when engaging in direct speech, we mean what we say. When using the direct speech, we must take into account social situations involving the complex structures of cooperation. For example; giving someone a direct command implies that we have power over him or we are very intimate with him or both. A parent can give a command to his child, or close friends sometimes can give commands to each other. But it is not useful for a student to give a command to his teacher. Therefore, we engage in various politeness strategies.

Slide11

If we want to save someone’s negative face, we must use some phrases like excuse me, pardon me, I am sorry to bother you, etc. A way of saving someone’s positive face is to increase the sense of group belonging, for example we can use the inclusive

we (You are at a meeting and one of your friend is talking on the phone as well as walking around. And you: Right, should we sit down and continue?).

Although the use of we gives a tone of group belonging, there is one intended addressee.

Slide12

When engaging indirect speech, we do not mean exactly what we say. For example, when a stranger asks you

do you know where the Forum is?

You probably answer it by giving directions instead of answering something like yes I know. For example, you and your friend are in your room and your friend says you here is too hot. You probably interpret that as an indirect command ‘’ open the windows.’’ Namely; interrogatives and declaratives can be used as politely disguised request or commands.

Slide13

Indirect speech acts are commonly used to reject proposals and to make requests. For example, a speaker asks, "Would you like to meet me for coffee?" and another replies, "I have class." The second speaker used an indirect speech act to reject the proposal. This is indirect because the literal meaning of "I have class" does not

entail

any

sort of rejection.

Slide14

When interpreting speech acts, there is always a misunderstanding between individuals and cultures. What is polite for someone may not be for the other and so on. For example; the individual who has been raised to never directly ask for something might, when having dinner with his colleagues, ask her neighbor

would you like some more potatoes?

in the expectation that the neighbor will then ask the same question to which she can safely say yes.

Slide15

But if the neighbor does not think it impolite to ask for something, he might not understand the question as an indirect speech act, and might therefore simply answer

no thank you,

in which case there has been a miscommunication. This is true for clashes between people of different cultures.

Slide16

Honorifics

Hüda

Karasu

Slide17

Honorifics

Many

languages

grammaticalize

various

politeness

strategies

.

Honorifics

can be

thought

as

devices

for

marking

social

distinction

.

Following

Brown

and

Levinson

we

can

classify

honorifics

in

three

types

depending

on

the

relationship

between

the

speaker

and

others

.

The

referent

honorifics

,

which

have

to

do

with

the

relationship

between

the

speaker

and

things

or

persons

referred

to

.

Addressee

honorifics

,

which

have

to

do

with

the

relationship

between

the

speaker

and

addressee

.

Bystander

honorifics

,

which

have

to

do

with

the

relationship

between

the

speaker

and

the

“

bystanders

”

or

overhearers

.

Slide18

Referent

honorifics

With

a

referent

honorific

the

politeness

or

respect

distinctions

are

conveyed

by

referring

to

the

target

of

the

respect

,

that

is,

the

choice

of

the

linguistic

form is

dependent

on

what

is

referred

to

. A

well

known

instance

of

referent

honorifics

is

the

choice

of

pronoun

when

addressing

a

person

.

In

Europpean

languages

it is

very

common

to

have

a

binary

distinction

of

politeness

,

where

one

form is

considered

familiar

and

the

other

polite

, as in

the

French

distinction

tu/

vous

,

both

of

which

refer

to

a

single

person

.

This

binary

distinction

in

pronouns

of

address

is

often

called

T/V

pronouns

,

tu

‘

you.SG.NOM

’

and

vous

‘

you.PL.NOM

’.

Slide19

In

his

sample

of 207

languages

on

politeness

distinctions

in

second

person

pronouns

,

Helmbrecht

found

that

49

languages

(23.7 %)

make

use

of

this

kind

of

binary

distinction

,

many

of

which

cluster

in Europe, but

these

languages

shows

vastly

different

levels

of T/V

pronoun

usage

.

For

example

, in

German

the

polite

form

Sie

is

the

Standard

form of

address

between

adults

who

are

not in a

close

social

relation

.

In

Swedish

,

however

, it is

imaginable

to

use

the

plural

pronoun

form

ni

to

address

a

single

person

,

the

context

would

be

highly

marked

indeed

.

Slide20

Addressing

between

adults

who

don’t

know

each

other

is

with

the

singular

du

.

The

usage

of

universal

du

in

Swedish

is a

rather

recent

phenomenon

and

,

interestingly

enough

, it

seems

that

the

language

might

be

changing

back

to

making

politeness

distinctions

.

Slide21

Some

languages

, 15 (7.2%) in

Helmbrecht’s

database

,

mainly

clustered

in South

Asia

but

also

found

elsewhere

,

use

multiple

politeness

distinctions

fort he

second

person

pronoun

.

Nepali

is an

example

of a

language

with

three

levels

of

politeness

distinctions

in

the

singular

and

two

in

the

plural

.

Slide22

Nepali (Indo-European (Indic): Nepal

 

SINGULAR

PLURAL

LOW GRADE HONORIFIC (‘

informal

’)

ta

timi-

haru

MID GRADE HONORIFIC(‘

polite

’)

timi

timi-

haru

 

HIGH GRADE HONORIFIC

(‘

superpolite

’)

 

tapai

 

tapai-haru

Slide23

PRONOUN AVOIDANCE

Nihan

Ergönül

Slide24

►

There

are

also

languages

where

a

pronoun

is

avoided

for

the

sake

of

politeness

.

In

these

languages

it

may

be

considered

face

threatening

to

directly

address

a

person

,

so

other

kinds

of

terms

are

used

instead

,

such

as

status

and

kindship

terms

or

various

kinds

of

titles

,

and

so

on.

Slide25

►

In

Indonesian

,

for

example

,

kinship

terms

:

Saudara

‘

sibling;relative

of

same

generation

’

function

as an

impersonal

pronoun

used

between

speakers

of

the

same

generation

(

or

by

a

speaker

to

somebody

younger

)

when

they

are

not

well

acquainted

.

While

such

term

as

bapak

‘

father

’

or

ibu

‘

mother

’

are

used

as a

respectful

address

to

people

older

than

the

speaker

and

between

adults

of

marriable

age.

►

Very

often

people

will

avoid

using

the

pronoun

even

when

on an

equal

status

level

,

and

instead

use

the

addressee’s

name.

Effectively

saying

something

like

‘

Does

Tom

want

more

tea

?’

when

addressing

Tom

.

Slide26

►The majority of the languages in Helmbrecht’s database, however, do not make any politeness distinctions for the second person pronominals. The languages in APICS display an almost identical patterns, as shown in the Table below.

Value

WALS (200)

APICS (201)

1.No politeness distinction

 

 

66.4 % (136)

63.5 % (47)

2. Binary politeness distinction

 

22.9 % (47)

24.3 % (18)

3. Multiple politeness distinction

 

7.3 % (15)

5.4 % (4)

4. Pronoun avoidance

 

 

 

3.4 % (7)

6.8 % (5)

Total

205

74

Slide27

►

Referent

honorifics

which

pronoun

politeness

is a

part

of

the

choice

of form is

dependent

on

who

or

what

is

being

referred

to

.

With

second

person

pronouns

the

referent

and

the

target

happen

to

be

the

same

. But

we

may

also

have

honorific

distinctions

in

the

third

person

.

In

Korean

,

for

example

,

the

choice

of

the

third

person

pronoun

is

dependent

on

what

is

being

referred

to

and

what

level

of

politeness

is

required

:

Slide28

3rd

PERSON SINGULAR

PLURAL

THING

D-kes ‘it’

D-kes-tul

‘

they

’

CHILD

D-ay ‘s/he’

D-ay-tul

‘

they

’

ADULT:FAMILIAR

D-salam

‘s/he’

D-salam-tul

‘

they

’

ADULT:BLUNT

D-i ‘s/he’

D-i-tul

‘

they

’

ADULT:POLITE

D-

pun

‘s/he’

D-

pun

-tul

‘

they

’

Slide29

ADDRESSEE HONORIFICS

Semra Emici

Slide30

Addressee

honorifics

:

express

social

status

of

person

being

spoken

to

(

the

hearer

)

regardless

of

what

is

being

talked

about

.

For

example

,

Javanese

has

three

different

words

for

“

house

”

depending

on

the

status

level

of

the

person

spoken

to

.

An

addressee

honorific

system

:

linguistic

form

choice

is

dependent

on

the

addressee

of

the

utterance

.

●

Languages

may

have

morphologically

variable

forms

depending

on

levels

of

politeness

.

This

may

be

seen

in

verb

forms

(

different

kinds

of

imperatives

carrying

different

kinds

of

politeness

connotations

.

Languages

may

make

a

distinction

between

immediate

and

distal

imperatives

(

immediate

imperative

is a

familiar

command

while

the

distal

imperative

is a

polite

command

).

Slide31

Epena

Pedeee

(

Choco

(

Choco

):

Colombia

)

a.

phata

kho

-ti

plantain

eat

- IMP. PL

‘

Eat

the

plantain

!’

b.

thipi

phua-pheda

a-

hi

firewood

blow

- POL. IMP say- PAST

‘ He

said

, “

you

will

have

to

fan

the

fire

’’’.

Above

, it is

seen

that

There

is

polite

imperative

receiving

its

own

morphological

marking

.

Compare

–ti in (a)

with

–

pheda

in (b).

This

shows

that

action

is

going

to

have

to

be

carried

out

some

point

in

the

future

.

The

distal

natüre of

this

kind

of

imperative

makes

it

less

direct

and

so

logically

more

polite

.

Slide32

Korean

:

Korean honorifics

Korean

honorific

speech

is a

mixture

of

subject

honorification

,

object

exaltation

,

and

the

various

speech

styles

.

Depending

on how

these

three

factors

are

used

,

the

speaker

highlights

different

aspects

of

the

relationship

between

the

speaker

,

the

subject

,

and

the

listener

(

who

may

also

be

the

subject

).

The

Korean

language

incorporates

a

hierarchy

of

speech styles

divided

according

to

its

system

of

honorifics

each

with

its

own

set of

verb

endings

.

The

six

speech

styles

from

lowest

to

highest

are

:

Slide33

1. P

lain

style

(

haerache

or

해라체

)

Formal

S

ignals

more

social

distance

between

the

speaker

and

addressee

than

that

when

using

intimate

style

G

enerally

used

when

writing

for

a general

audience

G

enerally

used

in

written

language

, but

when

it

used

in

spoken

language

, it

represents

admiration

.

Slide34

2.

B

anmal

or

intimate style

(

haeche

or

해체

)

Informal

.

T

ypically

used

with

close

friends

,

by

parents

to

their

children

,

by

a

relatively

older

speaker

to

a

child

,

by

children

to

children

,

or

by

youngsters

to

the

same-ages

.

R

ecently

,

many

children

use

banmal

to

their

parents

.

Slide35

3.

familiar

style

(

hageche

or

하게체

)

M

ore

formal

than

banmal

style

S

ignals

that

the

speaker

will

treat

the

listener

with

consideration

and

courtesy

T

ypically

used

when

the

addressee

is

below

the

speaker

in

age

or

social

rank

(

e.g

.

the

speaker

is at

least

thirty

years

old

and

the

addressee

is of

college

age

)

The

familiar

style

generally

implies

the

speaker

is

showing

authority

therefore

typically

requires

the

speaker

to

be

sufficiently

mature

.

Women

seldom

use

familiar

style

because

it is

commonly

associated

with

male

authority

.

Generally

, it is

used

by

senior

citizens

,

getting

out

of

use

by

most

of

people

in

everyday

language

.

Slide36

4.

semiformal

or blunt style

(

haoche

or

하오체

)

M

ore

formal

than

familiar

style

with

neutral

politeness

U

sed

to

address

someone

in an

inferior

position

(

e.g

.

age

or

social

rank

)

A

speaker

will

use

semiformal

style

with

a

stranger

whose

social

rank

is

clear

but not

particularly

lower

compared

to

the

speaker

.

It

is

generally

used

by

senior

citizens

,

getting

out

of

used

by

most

of

people

in

everyday

language

.

When

semiformal

style

is

used

by

young

people

, it

also

represents

humorous

sense,

and

is

thought

to

be

unsuitable

for

serious

situations

.

Slide37

5.

polite

style

(

haeyoche

or

해요체

)

I

nformal

but

polite

.

T

ypically

used

when

the

addressee

is a

superior

(

e.g

.

by

children

to

their

parents

,

students

to

teachers

)

This

is

the

most

common

speech

style

and

is

commonly

used

between

strangers

.

Slide38

6.

formal

or deferential style

(

hapshoche

or

합쇼체

)

U

sed

to

treat

superiors

with

the

most

reserve

and

the

most

respect

C

ommonly

used

in

speeches

delivered

to

large

audiences

, in

news

reports

,

radio

broadcasts

,

business

,

and

formal

discussions

.

I

n

most

of

cases

,

books

are

written

in

plain

style

(

herache

),

or

formal

style

(

hapshoche

).

In

some

cases

,

speakers

will

switch

between

polite

and

formal

styles

depending

on

the

situation

and

the

atmosphere

that

one

wishes

to

convey

.

These

six

speech

styles

are

sometimes

divided

into

honorific

and

non-honorific

levels

where

the

formal

and

polite

styles

are

honorific

and

the

rest

are

non-honorific

.

According

to

Strauss

and

Eun

,

the

two

honorific

speech

levels

are

“

prototypically

used

among

non-intimate

adults

of

relatively

equal

rank

”.

Comparatively

,

the

non-honorific

speech

levels

are

typically

used

between

intimates

, in-

group

members

,

or

in “

downward

directions

of

address

by

the

speaker

to

his

or

her

interlocutor

.

Slide39

Korean

verbs

are

not

only

marked

with

TMA

and

sentence

type

affixes

but

also

a

host

of

affixes

relating

to

addresee

honorifics

.

For

example

,

statement

like

it is

raining

takes

six

different

forms

depending

on

the

social

relationship

between

the

speaker

and

the

addressee

:

Slide40

Korean (Isolate: N, S Korea)

Plain pi RainkaNM o-n-ta come-IN-DCIntimate pi RainkaNM w-a come-INTFamiliar pi RainkaNM o-ney come-FMLBlunt pi Rain kaNM o-o come-BLNPolite pi RainkaNM w-a. yo come-POLDeferential pi RainkaNM o-p-ni-ta come-AH-IN-DCNeutral pi Rain ‘ It is raining’.kaNM  o-t-a come-IN -DC 

 

 

Slide41

Javanese

has a

so

-

called

‘

honorific

register

’,

the

choice

of

vocabulary

is

addresee

honorific

.

The

choice

of

which

words

to

use

for

an

utterance

is

dependent

on

the

relationship

between

the

speaker

and

the

addressee

.

Three main

speech

levels

:

Ngoko

(

informal

) :

used

only

speaking

to

smo

very

familiar

.

Madyo

(semi-

polite

):

used

with

people

of an

intermediate

level

of

familiarity

,

like

neighbours

.

Kromo

(

polite

) :

used

with

distant

adults

.

Slide42

Respect

vocabulary

conveys

an

added

level

of

respect

.

It

has

two

subcategories

1.

Kromo

inggel

:

with

highly

respected

persons

.

2.

Kromo

andap

:

used

in

referring

to

any

person’s

actions

towards

a

highly

respected

person

.

Five

different

words

that

are

translated

the

same

way

into

English,

carry

different

levels

of

politeness

.

Slide43

Javanese (Austronesian ( Javanese): Indonesia)

NGOKO MADYO KROMO

KROMO

INGGEL KROMO ANDAP

Akon

ken

kengken

/

pureh

dawoh

ng

-

atur

-I

Above

,

there

are

five

different

words

that

all

translate

into

the

same

thing

in English. But

the

word

choice

is

dependent

on

the

level

of

the

respect

the

speaker

wishes

or

is

obliged

to

show

the

addressee

.

There

are

also

further

distinctions

in

the

choice

of

grammatical

affixes

.

The

combination

of

vocabulary

and

affixes

leads

to

nine

different

levels

of

politeness

.

The

three

main

speech

level

vocabularies

have

different

sizes

:

ngoko

is

the

basic

vocabulary

carrying

every

kind

of

concept

,

kromo

has

about

850

words

,

kromo

inggel

has

about

260

words

,

madyo

has

about

35

words

and

kromo

andap

has

about

20

words

(

Myhill

: 75f).

Slide44

BYSTANDER HONOROFICS

Duygu Yoldaş

Slide45

Bystander

honorofics

express

the

status

of

someone

who

is

nearby

, but not a

participant

in

the

conversation

.

With

bystander

honorofics

,

the

linguistic

form of

the

language

isn’t

dependent

on

the

speaker

or

on

the

addressee

, but on

who

is

within

earshot

of

the

utterance

.

The

linguistic

form of

the

language

isn’t

dependent

on

the

relationship

between

the

speaker

and

the

addresssee

,

nor

it is

dependent

on

what

is

being

referred

to

.

Slide46

However

, it

depends

on

anyone

who

can

hear

what

is

being

said

.

Therefore

,

this

covers

participants

,

such

as

audiences

, as

well

as “

non-participants

”

or

“

bystanders

”.

This

is

often

termed

“

avoidance

language

”

or

“

honorofics

register

”.

It

is

the

least

common

,

and

are

found

primarily

in “

avoidance

speech

”

such

as

the

mother

-in-

law

languages

of

aboriginal

Australia

,

where

one

changes

one’s

speech

in

the

presence of an in-

law

or

other

tabooed

relative

.

Many

Australian

languages

have

bystander

honorifics

to

varying

degrees

.

Slide47

Dyirbal

is

famous

for

having

had

two

language

variants

such

as

Guwal

and

Dyalɲuy

.

Guwal

was

used

in

all

circumstances

except

when

certain

“

taboo

relatives

”

were

present

.

In

these

kind

of

situations

in

which

taboo

relatives

were

used

Dyalɲuy

had

to

be

used

.

Therefore

the

avoidance

language

,

Dyalɲuy

, had

to

be

used

whenever

a

taboo

relative

was

within

earshot

.

The

taboo

was

symmetrical

for

instance

–

if

X

was

taboo

to

Y

so

was

Y

to

X.

Slide48

Taboo

relatives

were

:

1-) a

parent

in-

law

of

the

opposite

sex

;

and

,

by

the

symmetry

rule

, a

child

in-

law

of

the

opposite

sex

.

2-) a

cross-cousin

of

the

opposite

sex

-

that

is,

father’s

or

mother’s

brother’s

child

.

Although

the

two

languages

Guwal

and

Dyalɲuy

differ

completely

in

their

vocabulary

,

they

were

identical

phonologically

and

almost

identical

gramatically

.

Slide49

Dyirbal

(

Australian

(

Pama

-

Nyungan

) :

Australia

)

Guwal

Dyalɲuy

yanu

bawalbil

‘

go

’

buɽal

ɲuɽimal

‘

see

,

look

at’

ɲalɲga

ɲalmaru

‘

child

’

ɲinay

madirabil

‘

sit,

stay

,

camp

’

Slide50

Taboo

relatives

are

not

identical

cross

-

culturally

whilst

a

number

of

languages

may

have

‘

taboo

relatives

’.

In

Guugu

-

Yimidhirr

, a

traditional

Australian

Aboriginal

language

,

special

avoidance

lexemes

are

used

to

express

deference

when

in

the

presence of

tabooed

in-

law

relatives

.

In

other

words

,

speakers

will

either

be

completely

prohibited

from

speaking

to

one’s

mother

-in-

law

or

must

employ

avoidance

language

to

one’s

brother

in-

law

.

Slide51

The

overlap

between

the

two

vocabularies

seen

in

Guwal

and

Dyalɲuy

wasn’t

complete

and

the

basic

,

informal

‘

everyday

lexicon

’ had

more

items

than

the

‘

respectful

lexicon

’.

It

is

possible

to

express

the

same

things

in

both

varieties

.

For

instance

, in

Guugu

Yimidhirr

,

some

everyday

language

words

translate

into

only

one

respectful

language

word

:

Slide52

Guugu Yimidhirr (Australian (Pama- Nyungan): Australia)Everyday language Respectful languagedhadaa ‘go’ dharmbil ‘float,sail’yaalgal ‘limp’ balil ‘go’gaynydyarr ‘crawl’biilil ‘paddle’

Slide53

Bystander

honorifics

do not

have

to

be

restricted

to

the

lexicon

.

Waray,one

of

the

language

having

an

avoidance

language

,

referred

to

as ‘

sideways

language

’

that

was

used

with

various

in-

law

relatives

and

which

involved

adding

a

suffix

–

lawu

to

nominals

and

using

the

plural

forms

for

verbs

.

Slide54

Waray

(

Australian

(

Waray

):

Australia

)

nguk-lawu

ban-

ba

-

wu

gan

-a-

ga

-

ng

-u

tobacco

-

avoid

1sg.obj-2pl.s-give

Irr-2pl.s-

have-npst-dat

’

Would

you

(PL)

give

me

any

tobacco

if

you

(PL)

have

any

?

(

addressed

to

one

person

)

Slide55

Speech

Acts

in

Sign

Languages

Tuba Göktürk

Slide56

Speech

Acts

in

Sign

Languages

●

Like

spoken

languages

,

all

known

sign

languages

have

ways

to

carry

out

the

basic

functions

of

giving

information

,

gleaning

information

and

issuing

commands

.

Slide57

●

The

most

common

,

maybe

even

universal

,

negative

marking

head

movement

across

sign

languages

is a

repeated

side-to-side

head

shake

.

The

head

movement

may

combine

with

facial

expressions

,

and

manual

sign

.

●

The

second

strategy

is

to

have

a

single

side-ward

head

turn

,

where

the

head

is

turned

to

one

side

and

is

then

kept

in

that

position

for

the

duration

of

the

negation

.

●

The

third

strategy

involves

a

backward

tilt

of

the

head

,

where

the

head

is

tilted

backwards

and

remains

in

that

position

for

the

duration

of

the

negation

.

Slide58

●

Non-manual

facial

negators

tend

to

be

less

grammaticalized

and

therefore

less

systematic

.

They

usually

involve

“

negative

”

mimics

,

such

as

manipulating

the

eye-brows

(

lowering

or

frowning

,

etc

.),

the

eyes

(

narrowing

or

squinting

,

etc

.),

the

mouth

(

drawn

down

,

pursed

or

spreading

the

lips

,

etc

.)

and

the

nose

(

e.g

.

wrinkling

).

Non-manual

facial

negators

tend

to

co-occur

with

the

negative

marking

head

movement

.

Slide59

●

Irregular

negatives

typically

involve

signs

of

cognition

.

Most

sign

languages

have

several

such

irregular

negatives

. BSL,

for

instance

, has at

least

eight

:

evaluation

: NOT.GOOD

cognition

: NOT.KNOW

emotional

attitude

:

NOT.WANT

; NOT.LIKE; NOT AGREE;

NOT

BELIEVE

possession

:

NOT.HAVE

tense

:

WILL.NOT

Slide60

●Ten

languages

in

Zeshan’s

database

have

2-5

irregular

negatives

. LIS,

for

example

, has

four

. Three

languages

,

the

Indian

dialect

of IPSL, KK

and

LSE,

have

only

one

irregular

negative

,

while

only

one

language

,

the

Karachi

dialect

of IPSL, has

none

.

LIS

(

Sign

Language:

Italy

)

KK(

Sign

Language:

Indonesia

)

modality

: CANNOT

aspect

: NOT.YET

evaluation

: NOT.POSSIBLE

emotional

attitude

: NOT.WANT; NOT.LIKE

Slide61

●

Interrogatives

are

typically

formed

with

non-manual

facial

signs

.

Sign

languages

also

have

ways

of

forming

polar

questions

and

content

questions

.

Typical

non-manuals

for

polar

questions

are

:

raised

eyebrows

,

wide

open

eyes

,

eye

contact

with

the

addressee

,

head

forward

position

and

body

forward

posture

.

Slide62

●

Sign

languages

also

have

politeness

strategies

.

Indirect

speech

acts

may

be

employed

to

form

polite

requests

, but

morphological

politeness

distinctions

can

also

be

found

,

notably

in

referent

and

addressee

honorifics

.

In

terms

of

indirect

speech

acts

, it is

used

to

express

wishes

and

commands

,

just

as in

spoken

languages

. As

for

referent

honorifics

,

pronominal

system

referencing

to

a

person

by

‘

pointing

’

with

an

open

hand

.

Parallel

to

spoken

languages

,

addressee

honorifics

occur

in

sign

languages

,

for

instance

with

imperatives

.

Slide63

The

End