Relief sculpture is any work which projects from but which belongs to a wall or other type of background surface on which it is carved Also known as relievo relief sculpture is a combination of the twodimensional pictorial arts and the threedimensional sculptura ID: 394995
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Slide1
Relief Sculpture
“Relief
sculpture is any work which projects
from,
but which belongs
to,
a
wall, or other type of background surface, on which it is
carved…
Also
known as
relievo
, relief sculpture is a combination of the two-dimensional pictorial arts and the three-dimensional sculptural arts
.”
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture/relief.htm)Slide2
Relief Sculpture
The term
relief
is from the Latin verb
levo
, to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the
sculpted material has been raised above the background plane.
There are four different types of relief :
high relief
=
W
here more than 50% of the depth is shown and there may be undercut areas.
low-relief
(French:
bas-relief
), where the plane is scarcely more than scratched in order to remove background material.
sunken relief
(
aka incised or
intaglio relief
), where the carving is sunk below the level of the surrounding
surface. If you look at it from the side, you cannot see the carving. Sunken relief is surrounded by a carved frame. This
frames
the carving with
a powerful line of shadow. The surrounding surface remains untouched, with no projections.
Sunken relief carving is found almost exclusively in ancient Egyptian art, although it has also been used in some beautiful small-scale ivory reliefs from India.Slide3
Relief Methods in Clay
Additive Relief
– Adding to the field to raise the subject and increase depth.
For example
clay and plaster
can be built up to make a sculpture into a relief.
Subtractive Relief
- Carve Away or subtract from the field to lower the background and raise the plain.
For example you can carve into clay or
wood
to
make a sculpture into relief. Slide4
What type of relief to you think it is?
Guess on the following image examples.
High
,
Low, or Sunken?Slide5Slide6Slide7Slide8Slide9Slide10Slide11Slide12
Prehistoric Relief Sculpture
Reliefs
date from the
Gravettian
Period
(28,000 to 22,000 years ago)
of the
Paleolithic
era.
Next
three examples
of relief are all from the
Gravettian
Period. Slide13
The
Venus of
Laussel
(
c.23,000-20,000 BCE
), a limestone low relief of a reclining female figure, found in the Dordogne,
France.
This limestone carving is one of the
earliest relief sculptures, &
ranks
among the world's oldest artworks
.Slide14
The low relief depiction of salmon
Found in the
Abri
du Poisson Cave
(
c.23,000-20,000 BCE
)
At Les
Eyzies
de
Tayac
,
Périgord
, Dordogne,
France
This
is one of the oldest known representations of fish in the world
The outline around the fish, is formed by thieves trying to steal the carving in the 70’s Slide15
The
Tuc
d'Audoubert
Bison
(
c.13,500 BCE
)
This is
an unfired
clay relief sculptures of two bison
from the Magdalenian
Period.
Discovered
at
Tuc
d'Audoubert
Cave, Ariege, France. Slide16
Ancient World reliefs (
3,500-600
BCE
)
An
example of
low relief
artworks discovered from the ancient world are
the set of lions and dragons from the
Ishtar Gate,
Babylon
.
(Images on next 2 slides)Slide17
Babylon was once the greatest city of the world when the Neo-Babylonian Empire reigned supreme in the Ancient Near East (575 B.C.)Slide18
Ishtar Gate detail (575 B.C.E)Slide19
Ancient World reliefs (
3,500-600
BCE
)
An example of
sunken relief
artworks discovered from the ancient world are in Egypt.
Egyptian
sculptors tended to employ sunken relief.
Figures are depicted standing sideways and are contained within a sharply
insized
outline: see for instance the many sunken reliefs at the
Temple of
Karnak
in Egypt
.
(Image on next slide)Slide20
Relief at the Temple of
Karnak
– EgyptSlide21
Questions to discuss
What do you think the oldest sculptures found in
France
were used for?
(The
salmon
, the
buffalo
, and the reclining
woman
.) Why were they made?
In the ancient world and in Ancient Egypt, reliefs were used to decorate buildings, tell stories, and communicate areas and persons of importance.
Where did they learn to create these sculptures? How long do you think it took to carve into stone?Slide22
Ancient Relief Sculpture
High
reliefs
did not become common until Classical Antiquity (
c.500 BCE onwards
), when Ancient Greek sculptors began to explore the genre more thoroughly.
Attic
tomb relief
sculpture dating from the
4th century BCE
are notable examples, as are the sculptured friezes used in the decoration of the Parthenon and other classical temples.
During
the period 600-1100, abstract reliefs appeared in numerous cultures around the world, as
different
as the Mixtec culture in Mexico, the Norse/Viking culture and Islamic environments across the Middle East.Slide23
Jumping forward in Time…
From Ancient world 3,500-600 BCE
to
Ancient Greece (776 BCE – 400 BCE)
Relief Sculpture were used mainly on walls, friezes, and grave markers (called ‘stele’). More popular form of sculptures had risen. Doing artwork “in the round” (free standing) was used to trade with, show importance, and show skill level beyond relief. The reliefs that were made were
high reliefs
, cut almost in the round, to keep up with the trending forms. (Example on next pages) Slide24
Stele of
Pamphile
&
Demetrias
Late 4th century BCE
In the sculpture,
Pamphile
is seated on a throne, extending her hand to her sister
Demetrias
, who is standing.
High Relief.
This sculpture is one of the last ones made, before the issue of the prohibited law by Demetrious
Phalereus
in 317 BC. This outlawed lavished over the top grave markers like this one. Slide25
Greece becomes a Rome Province 146 BCE
As Roman culture, and styles over lapped with Greek, they too had a fascination with the use of high relief on walls, friezes, grave markers, and also on sarcophagi (tombs). Relief
sculptures were prominent in the sarcophagi of Roman art during the
2nd and 3rd centuries CE
. Slide26
Roman sarcophagus, Italy, mid 2nd century CE - Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. Exhibit in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri, USA. Slide27
Discussion about relief will continue into to renaissance. Slide28
Project Goals (Write these down)
To create a relief sculpture no smaller than
8”x10”.
To use varying degrees of high and low relief to create a 3D sculpture on a 2D plane.
Use both additive and subtractive methods to create details and forms
Create a strong piece that will not break when transported or fired.
Using creativity, and time to create a strong artwork
Create a piece with at least one subject matter and
a
visible background with details.
Your work should have a story. Whether that story is personal
ornot
is up to you.
You
may choose in what direction your piece will be displayed.
Ex. Sits on a table, hangs from a wall, hooks to a countertop, wraps around a mug. Slide29
Steps
TODAY: Sketch your ideas out, both from the front and side view. Think of how layers and depth are needed to create the illusion of 3D work. I want to see 3 different ideas. Describe whether it will be functional or non-functional. Also describe visually the shapes.
TODAY: After you have your idea down, create a slab of clay on which to work. Remember size rules. (no smaller than
8x10)
NEXT CLASS: You can either add to your slab or create your piece separate and attach at a later time. If you use the subtractive method, remember to wrap clay that is subtracted together and keep it damp.
Work on a clay board! Your piece will be difficult to move!