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Resource Justice Growth and economic development are scarce goods Resource Justice Growth and economic development are scarce goods

Resource Justice Growth and economic development are scarce goods - PowerPoint Presentation

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Resource Justice Growth and economic development are scarce goods - PPT Presentation

Multipolar World The cards of global power are being reshuffled Demographic Change The NorthSouth dichotomy is gradually dissolving Economic Justice The arithmetic of Inclusive Growth does not add up ID: 634670

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Slide1

Resource JusticeGrowth and economic development are scarce goods

Multipolar WorldThe cards of global power are being reshuffled

Demographic ChangeThe North-South dichotomy is gradually dissolving

Economic JusticeThe arithmetic of “Inclusive Growth” does not add up

Climate JusticeThe widening gap betweencause and effect

Global GovernanceWhat the global communityis doing

“Global Transformation”

Facts in 6 x 11 FiguresSlide2

… fundamental transformation towards

more sustainable modes of production

and consumption (

Markard

et al. 2012)

Transformation can be induced by

niche innovations putting pressureon the regime level (Mersmann 2010)… is often “the result of many unlike processes “(Loorbach & Rotmans 2005)… fundamental shift … that includesguidance and visions for a sustainable future(Mersmann 2010)

Few changes are truly transformational(

Mersmann 2010)

While all transformations are changenot all change is transformational

(

Daszko

& Sheinberg, 2005)

Transformation is the creation and

change of a whole new form, function

or structure (

Daszko

& Sheinberg 2005)

To transform is to create something new

(Daszko & Sheinberg 2005)

Transformation is motivated by survival(Daszko & Sheinberg 2005)

Challenging assumption ..and paradigms... is at the heart of transformation (Daszko & Sheinberg 2005)

In transformation there is no known destination(Daszko & Sheinberg 2005)

It is not a new way to do business(Daszko & Sheinberg 2005)

It is a new way to develop thinkingabout how to think(Daszko & Sheinberg 2005)

There is no transformed organisationbecause transformation is ongoing(Ruiz 1997)

Without intention, transformation will be reduced to change(Daszko & Sheinberg 2005)

Transformational change … occur when theexisting set of ideas that create order andstability no longer work (Middletown 2007)

Transformational change does not address <economic> failures … <but> uses these failings to argue for fundamental change (Middletown 2007)

Transformation is an approach, a philosophy and a methodology(Glass 2010)

<in transformation> the future stateis unknown when you begin(Anderson 2011)

Change fixes the past. Transformation creates the future.(theprimes.com/)

Transformational change means you can’t go back (imaworldwide.com)

<the Great transformation> very much depends on ‘organising the unplannable’ (WBGU 2011) Slide3

Transformational processTransformational policies

Transformative learningTransformational development

Transformational changeTransformative research

Structural transformation

Low carbon transformationTransformation of a sector

Transformation educationTransformation of a whole economy

Transformation researchTransformative educationTransformation knowledgeTransformative thinkingTransformative actionTransforming Practice Transforming citiesTransforming culturesTransforming hopeTransforming freedomConflict transformationTransformative justiceTransformative shiftsSlide4

«Ours is a colourful and diversified world

It is also a complex one»Li Peng

Multipolar World

The cards of global power are being reshuffledSlide5

Multipolar World: The cards of global power are being reshuffled

Measured in terms of GDP, the recent economic crises

have hit the industrialized economies the hardest

….

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2012/06/jahan.htm

1Slide6

Multipolar World: The cards of global power are being reshuffled

… though producing

not

only losers but also winners,

as recent statistics from the USA demonstrate

2

https://rwer.wordpress.com/category/the-economy/inequality/ Slide7

Multipolar World: The cards of global power are being reshuffled

Emerging and developing economies already make up

more

than 50 percent of global GDP

http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2013/120513.htm

3Slide8

Multipolar World: The cards of global power are being reshuffled

… China, Brazil and India alone generate almost one third of global economic output – not for the first time in history

http://

www.un-ngls.org/spip.php?page=article_s&id_article=4260

4Slide9

Source: Human Development Report 2013

Multipolar World: The cards of global power are being reshuffled

The share of world merchandise trade is nearly

equal

between

the

Northern and Southern hemisphere nations5Slide10

http://

www.economist.com/node/21528591

Multipolar World: The cards of global power are being reshuffled

Already in 2020, there will be at least five emerging

economies in the world’s top ten economies

6

http://blog.euromonitor.com/2010/07/special-report-top-10-largest-economies-in-2020.html Slide11

Source: Human Development Report 2013

Multipolar World: The cards of global power are being reshuffled

China is the largest trading partner of the poorest countries

in the Global South, with a rising trend

7Slide12

http://

www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2013-12-11/5-questions-answered-on-why-the-g20-is-a-big-deal/1230564

Multipolar World: The cards of global power are being reshuffled

More and more, the “Group of Twenty” (G20)

is metamorphosing into a sort of world government

8Slide13

Multipolar World: The cards of global power are being reshuffled

The number of autocratic states has declined

,

but there is a

worrying rise in the number of

anocracies

(weak states)

9

http://

www.systemicpeace.org/conflict.htm

Slide14

Multipolar World: The cards of global power are being reshuffled

Despite the advance of democracy, the legal and policy

spaces for civil society are shrinking worldwide

10

http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Policy%20Brief%20-%20%20Resisting%20the%20Global%20Crackdown%20on%20Civil%20Society%20-%

207-11-13.pdf

Slide15

Multipolar World: The cards of global power are being reshuffled

The revenues of the

top

500 multinationals

are

estimated at 50% of World

GDP;

Google alone is as

“rich”

as the 28 poorest countries

11

http://2thetopdesign.com/how-much-is-google-worth-2010-revenue-stats

/

Slide16

Demographic change

The North-South dichotomy is dissolving“Today in the era of globalization there is no such issue as borders between states of the same nation.”

Fatos NanoSlide17

Demographic Change: The North-South dichotomy is gradually dissolving

Today, four out of five world citizens live

in the Global South, and every second in South-East Asia

1

http://www.visguy.com/2009/10/01/village-of-100-people-diagrams

/

http://

waitbutwhy.com/2013/08/what-if-all-71-billion-people-moved-to.html

The North-South dichotomy is dissolvingSlide18

Demographic Change: The North-South dichotomy is

gradually dissolving

World population will continue to grow considerably,

but more slowly than in the recent past

2

http://

www.economist.com/node/14743589

http://

www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2006/09/picture.htm

Slide19

Demographic Change: The North-South dichotomy is

gradually dissolving

Since 2007, and for

the first time,

more people have been living in urban than in rural areas, and the trend towards urbanisation will continue

3

http://

www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005wup.htm

Slide20

Demographic Change: The North-South dichotomy is

gradually dissolving

The reality of aging societies will increasingly

affect the southern hemisphere too.

4

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2006/09/picture.htm

http://

www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2006/09/picture.htm

Slide21

Demographic Change: The North-South dichotomy is

gradually dissolving

Political and economic discrimination against women is a

worldwide phenomenon and not just a development issue

5

https://

unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/Worldswomen/

wwPoweranddec2010.htm

Source: World

D

evelopment Report 2012 p. 200

http://

siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNWDR2013/Resources/8258024-1320950747192/8260293-1322665883147/WDR_2013_Report.pdf

Slide22

Demographic Change: The North-South dichotomy is

gradually dissolving

Since 1995, the number of jobs has increased

continuously

,

but so too has the number of people without employment

6

Source: IMF, Finance and development March 2006Slide23

Demographic Change: The North-South dichotomy is

gradually dissolving

Youth without paid employment is increasingly

becoming a challenge for developed societies

7

http://

www.economist.com/news/international/21576657-around-world-almost-300m-15-24-year-olds-are-not-working-what-has-caused

Slide24

Demographic Change: The North-South dichotomy is

gradually dissolving

The middle class is expected to grow almost exclusively in the «Global East», and consumer markets will accordingly shift further eastwards

8

Source: Human Development Report 2013

http://www.agweb.com/blog/ecopragmatism

/

Slide25

Demographic Change: The North-South dichotomy is

gradually dissolving

Conflict, poverty and exclusion are the root causes of flight; the growing phenomenon of environmental refugees is

alarming

9

http://www.internal-displacement.org

/

Slide26

Demographic Change: The North-South dichotomy is

gradually dissolving

Migration within the Global South is more significant

than North-South migration

10

http://

www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/development/perspectives-on-global-development-2012_persp_glob_dev-2012-en#page80

Source: OECD 2012, Perspectives on global development Slide27

Demographic Change: The North-South dichotomy is

gradually dissolving

Migrants’ remittances have become a substantial economic factor

far more important than official development aid

11

http://

siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-1110315015165/

MigrationandDevelopmentBrief18.pdf

http://

www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2013/09/Chami.htm

Slide28

“We can either have democracy in this

country

or we can have great wealth concentrated in the hands of a few, but we can’t have both.”

Louis Brandeis

Economic justiceThe arithmetic of “Inclusive Growth” does not add upSlide29

Economic Justice

:

The arithmetic of «Inclusive Growth» does not add up

Since the turn of millennium the

absolute number of people living in absolute poverty

(< 1.25$

a day)

has

decreased significantly…

1

http://

www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/State_of_the_poor_paper_April17.pdf

Slide30

Economic Justice

: The

arithmetic of «Inclusive Growth» does not add up

… though almost exclusively in China

2

http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/stats-on-human-rights/statistics-on-poverty/statistics-on-poverty-and-absolute-income-levels

/

Slide31

Economic Justice:

The arithmetic of «Inclusive Growth» does not add up

… but the share of population living below national poverty lines

is still high in a large number of countries

3

http://

cesr.org/article.php?id=918

Slide32

Economic Justice: The arithmetic of «Inclusive Growth» does not add up

Extreme poverty is rife mainly in rural areas,

with the exception of Latin America

4

http://

www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2007/09/ravalli.htm

Slide33

Economic Justice:

The arithmetic of «Inclusive Growth» does not add up

In the 19

th

century, class status primarily explained inequality among people, today it is place of birth

5

http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Special-Feature/Detail/?

id=172351&contextid774=172351&contextid775=172467

Slide34

Economic justice:

The arithmetic of «Inclusive Growth» does not add up

Less than 100 of the planet’s richest own the equivalent

of the poor half of the world’s population

6

http://

www.eurodad.org/files/pdf/52e8d19751750.pdf

Slide35

Economic Justice:

The arithmetic of «Inclusive Growth» does not add up

In the past 20 years, the super-rich have

become

disproportionately richer in most countries and regions …

7

http://

www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/development/perspectives-on-global-development-2012_persp_glob_dev-2012-en#page80

OECD 2012, Perspectives on global development p. 105Slide36

Economic justice:

The arithmetic of «Inclusive Growth» does not add up

… and this is particularly true for the

«growth and poverty miracle» China

8

http://

www.eurodad.org/files/pdf/52e8d19751750.pdf

Slide37

Economic Justice:

The arithmetic of «Inclusive Growth» does not add up

The Gini index by world regions shows that:

accelerated growth leads to rising inequalities

9

http://

www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2007/res1010a.htm

Slide38

Economic justice:

The arithmetic of «Inclusive Growth» does not add up

Economic productivity has grown considerably, but not

wages, as demonstrated by the case of the US …

10

https://www.jacobinmag.com/2013/03/wage-and-productivity-effects-of-internet-trolling-by-matt-yglesias

/

Slide39

Economic Justice:

The arithmetic of «Inclusive Growth» does not add up

… which explains, why a large share of the US population

does not belong to the “winners of economic growth”

11

http://www.decisionsonevidence.com/2011/08/introduction-rising-inequality-in-america

/

Slide40

“No one denies that our problems would

be easier to solve if we were richer.

The question is, does growth any longer make us richer, or is it now making us poorer?”

Herman Daly

Resource JusticeGrowth and economic development are

scarce goodsSlide41

Resource Justice : Growth and economic development are scarce goods

The «great acceleration»: Since the Second World War

World GDP has almost exploded

1

http

://www.gallus-group.com/pt/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-367/533_read-1474

/

Slide42

Resource Justice : Growth and economic development are scarce goods

This explosion in growth was only made possible by

massive exploitation of natural resources …

2

http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wess/wess_current/2011wess.pdfSlide43

Resource Justice : Growth and economic development are scarce goods

… leading to a shortage of resources in real terms

at the expense of future generations

3

http://ingienous.com/?page_id=6983

Slide44

http://www.materialflows.net/fileadmin/docs/materialflows.net/matflow_FS4_web.pdf/

Resource Justice : Growth and economic development are scarce goods

Technological progress was not able to prevent increasing scarcity of resources (rebound effect) – ‘growth without resources’ is a myth

4Slide45

http://www.materialflows.net/trends/analyses-1980-2008/global-resource-extraction-2005-2030/

Resource Justice : Growth and economic development are scarce goods

If the present trend continues, the exploitation of resources

will double within just one generation…

5Slide46

http://

www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/newsletter/det/human_demand_outstripping_natures_regenerative_capacity_at_an_alarming_rate

Resource Justice : Growth and economic development are scarce goods

… although we are

now already consuming

the resources of one and a half worlds

6Slide47

http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/footprint_for_nations/

Resource Justice : Growth and economic development are scarce goods

Between the world regions, there are substantial differences

in per-capita consumption and per-capita availability of resources

7

Region/

CountryFootprint pc ,2007Biocapacity pc, 2007Balance

Africa

1.4

1.5

+0.1

Asia

1.8

0.8

-1.0

China

2.2

1.0

-1,2

Europe

4.7

2.9

-1.8

Switzerland

5.0

1.2

-3.8

Latin America

2.6

5.5

+2.9

North America

7.9

4.9

-3.0

USA

8.0

3.9

-4.1

Oceania

5.4

11.1

+5.8Slide48

Resource Justice : Growth and economic development are

scarce

goods

Notably

in the poorest countries, decreasing biocapacities lead to conflicts over resources such as water or land

8

http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v1/n7/full/nclimate1236.html A map of previous conflicts (1980-2005) attributed to environmental issues, their sizes and causesSlide49

http://

www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-26/issue-2/regional-spotlight-europe/how-sustainable-is-europe-s-water-footprint.html

Resource Justice : Growth and economic development are scarce goods

Increasing globalisation of trade is further aggravating water scarcity in the Global South (problem of virtual water)

9Slide50

http://blogs.worldwatch.org/nourishingtheplanet/tag/fao/page/2/

Resource Justice : Growth and economic development are scarce goods

One result of resource scarcity: The world market prices

for

food have been

massively on the rebound since the global crisis …

10http://dgff.unctad.org/chapter4/4.2.html Slide51

http://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/land-grabs-update-more-hectares-than-we-thought-and-definitely-bad-for-development

/

Resource Justice : Growth and economic development are scarce goods

… the appetite of the global speculation business for

arable land in the southern hemisphere is constantly growing

11Slide52

“We are running this planetlike a business in liquidation”

Herman E. Daly

Climate Justice

The widening gap between cause and effectSlide53

Climate Justice

:

The widening gap between cause and effect

3 out of 9 ‘planetary boundaries’ have been crossed, including climate change, the biggest challenge

facing

the world today

1

http://

www.unesco.org/new/wsd2012

Source

: modified from

Rockström

et al. (2009

).

Researchers recently identified nine planetary boundaries, which collectively delineate a safe operating space for humanity.

Three

have already been crossed. T

his concept has the potential to develop into a useful tool for policymakers.Slide54

Climate Justice : The widening gap between cause and effect

Global warming is already a reality today, and if no measures are taken, temperatures will rise sharply

by end of this century …

2

http://

www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wess/wess_current/2011wess.pdf

Slide55

Climate Justice : The widening gap between cause and effect

… with unforeseeable consequences for the

world’s ecosystems and human life

3

http://

www.challengetochange.org/climate.htm

Slide56

Climate Justice : The widening gap between cause and effect

Limiting global temperature increase is a matter

of

survival –

political

leaders and societies are called upon to act immediately

4

http://

www.economist.com/node/17572735

Slide57

Climate Justice : The widening gap between cause and effect

The vulnerability to climate change is most pronounced

in regions where people live in poverty …

5

http://ingienous.com/?page_id=11379

Slide58

Climate Justice : The widening gap between cause and effect

… and these are not the regions

where greenhouse gas emissions mostly occur

6

http://www.viewsoftheworld.net/?

tag=co2

Carbon

Emission

2009Slide59

Climate Justice : The widening gap between cause and effect

Energy production and consumption is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions, so too are some types of land use

7

http://greenblog.typepad.com/d41e/global

/

http://

www.energyland.emsd.gov.hk/en/energy/environment/greenhouse.html

Share of GHGs Emissions per type of GHG

2004

Share of GHGs Emissions per sector

2004Slide60

Climate Justice : The widening gap between cause and effect

While

sustainable

farming and

forestry

are global tasks, the

impetus

for an energy turnaround must come from the global North

8

http://

dgff.unctad.org/chapter4/4.4.html

Slide61

Climate Justice : The widening gap between cause and effect

The costs of transforming energy systems and mitigating climate change effects are enormous - a multiple of development aid …

9

http://

www.eurodad.org/files/pdf/520a3b1cea2d4.pdf

Slide62

Climate Justice : The widening gap between cause and effect

… nevertheless, transformative development towards

an economy of life is no utopia …

10

http://oliveventures.com.sg/act/2011/02/16/paradigm-shiftour-human-money-economy-is-a-subset-of-the-earths-larger-bioeconomy

/

Slide63

Climate Justice : The widening gap between cause and effect

… because welfare and development do not necessarily

require an increasing ecological footprint per capita

11

http://studentreporter.org/2013/10/ecological-footprint-thinking-inside-the-green-box

/

Slide64

Global

GovernanceWhat the global community is doing

“If you focus on results you will never changeif you focus on change you will get results”

Jack DixonSlide65

Global Governance: What the global community is doing

The history of global development initiatives is relatively young

- it really got under way with the Earth Summit of 1992 …

1

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT

INITIATIVES IN THE 1980s

1986

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT

INITIATIVES TODAYSlide66

Global Governance: What the global community

is

doing

… previously, the

power

of definition

was

in the hands of the World Bank and IMF, today there is a

multitude of players in global agenda setting

2

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT

PLAYERS IN THE 1980s

Washington-Consensus

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT

PLAYERS TODAYSlide67

Global Governance: What the global community is doing

Under the aegis of the UN and OECD, four

key international initiatives

have been launched in the past two decades

3

Earth summits

What development paradigm?

High-level forums

What partnership

for development?

Social Summits

H

ow to fight

poverty

?

Dialogue on Peace and Statebuilding

How to address

fragility?Slide68

Global Governance: What the global community is doing

The Rio Earth Summit resulted in a series of international agreements and conventions aimed at promoting a sustainable world

4

Agenda 21

http://

sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

(Kyoto Protocol 2005)

http://

unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf

https://

unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php

UN Forest Principles

http://

www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-3annex3.htm

Convention on Biological

D

iversity

http://www.cbd.int/convention

/

Rio Declaration

http://

www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?documentid=78&articleid=1163

Slide69

Global Governance: What the global community is doing

The breakthrough came with the turn of the millennium: For the first

time, the global community adopted 8 common development goals

5

dialogue4change.org

http://

www.unfoundation.org/blog/coming-together.html

Slide70

Global Governance: What the global community is doing

The 8 development goals have only

been partially met,

the least progress has been achieved in countries affected by conflict and fragility

6

http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTDECPROSPECTS/0,,

contentMDK:23109716~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:476883,00.html

Slide71

Global Governance: What the global community is doing

As part of a global consultation, the global community is currently

reflecting on a new development agenda beyond 2015 …

7

http://

www.brookings.edu/blogs/education-plus-development/posts/2013/02/15-post-2015-development-agenda-anderson

Slide72

Global Governance: What the global community is doing

.. based on the idea of agreeing on a series of ‘sustainable development

goals’ that are valid for all countries including the Global North

8

+

=Slide73

Global Governance: What the global community is doing

Mandated by the United Nations, a group of «eminent persons»

has recently presented initial recommendations and proposals

9

http://

www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/malaria-consortium-partner-zone/high-level-panel-post-2015-malaria-consortium

http://www.lattitude.org.uk/2013/10/beyond-2015-leaving-no-one-behind

/

Slide74

Global Governance: What the global community is doing

Market-driven environment protection policies have failed,

inter alia,

because of a considerable fall in emissions trading

prices

10

http://energydemocracyinitiative.org/emissions-up-carbon-prices-down-what-does-it-mean-for-unions

/

Slide75

Global Governance: What the global community is doing

… which makes it all the more important that the sustainable development goals will replace or revitalize the stalled Kyoto negotiations

11

http://www.rtcc.org/2012/12/10/weak-doha-deal-leaves-world-on-pathway-to-3c-by-2040/