Alain L Kornhauser Professor Operations Research amp Financial Engineering Director Program in Transportation Faculty Chair PAVE Princeton Autonomous Vehicle Engineering Princeton University ID: 759739
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Slide1
Smart Driving Cars:
What Is In It For Whom? Alain L. KornhauserProfessor, Operations Research & Financial EngineeringDirector, Program in Transportation Faculty Chair, PAVE (Princeton Autonomous Vehicle EngineeringPrinceton UniversityBoard Chair, Advanced Transit Association (ATRA)
Slide2Slide3Why Are We Going?
Save our Cities????
Slide4Starting in the 1960s…
Some/I thought that: “The automation & computer technology that took us to the moon could now revolutionize mass transit and save our cities from the onslaught of the automobile”
Westinghouse
Skybus 1960’s-
APM
Slide5Now exist in essentially every Major Airport
APMAutomated People Movers
Milan
Beijing
Paris
and a growing number of Driverless Metros
1971 Tampa
JFK
Newark
Slide6Starting in the 1960s…
Some thought that: “The automation & computer technology that took us to the moon could now revolutionize mass transit and save our cities from the onslaught of the automobile”
Westinghouse
Skybus 1960’s-
Donn
Fichter “Individualized Automatic Transit and the City” 1964
APM
PRT
Slide7~1971: U of Minnesota extended Ficter’s vision & became the center of PRT research focused on delivering auto-like ubiquitous mobility throughout urban areas
PRTPersonal Raid Transit
Since Demand very diffuse
(Spatially and Temporally)
:
Many stations served by Many small vehicles (rather than a few large vehicles).Many stationsEach off-line with interconnected mainlinesTo minimize intermediate stops and transfersMany small vehiclesRequire more sophisticated control systems, both longitudinal and lateral.
J. Edward Anderson
Alain Kornhauser
William Garrard
Slide8Morgantown 1975
Video1 Video2
Early “victory”
Slide9About 40 years ago: Exec. Director of APTA* said to me: “Alain: PRT is the transportation system of the future… And Always will be!!!”Well after 40 years..……are we finally approaching the promised land???
*American Public Transit Association
Slide10Morgantown 1975
Remains a critical mobility system today & planning an expansion
Today…
Slide11And Today…
Masdar & Heathrow are operational
Video
Slide12About 40 years ago: Exec. Director of APTA* said to me: “Alain: PRT is the transportation system of the future… And Always will be!!!”Well after 40 years..……are we finally approaching the promised land???
*American Public Transit Association
But implementation progress has been
excruciatingly
slow
…
Slide13What he was saying was…
Final Region-wide Systems would be really great, but…
Any great final system MUST evolve from some initial system and be great at EVERY step of the way, otherwise…
It will always be
“a system of the future”
.
The dedicated grade-separated guideway infrastructure requirement of PRT may simply be too onerous and risky for it to ever serve a significant share of the urban mobility market.
Slide14Slide15Why Are We Going?
Its NOT Save our Cities
…..NOT Yet!
Slide16Maybe it is simply the fact that…
We really don’t want to drive…
Slide17We aren’t that good…
~92% crashes involve human error
2009 Road Traffic Deaths (World Health Org): US: 42,642; World: 578,543; China: 96,611
And that…
DOT HS 810 767 Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash Avoidance Research
More on Google:
Levandowski
Presentation
Slide18Where Are We Now?
Slide19Intelligent Transportation Systems
Coined by Fed
DoT
in early ‘90s to include:
ATMS
(Adv. Transp. Management Systems)
Intelligent Traffic Control Systems and Value Pricing Systems
( EZ Pass mid 80s)
ATIS
(Adv. Transp. Information Systems)
Turn-by-Turn GPS Route Guidance Systems
(‘97 CoPilot Live)
ARTS
(Adv. Rural Transp. Systems)
ATS
(Automated Transit Systems)
Automated People Movers and Personal Rapid Transit
(
Ficter
‘64, W. Alden ’71, WWU ‘75 )
AHS
(Automated Highway Systems)
(1939 World’s Fair, RCA-Sarnoff late 50s*,
R.Fenton
‘72
OSU)
Autonomous
vehicles
*
VK Zworykin & L Flory “Electronic Control of Motor Vehicles on Highways”
Proc
. 37
th
Annual
Mtg
Highway Research Board, 1958
Slide20Evolution of AHS Concept
GM Futurama @ 1939 World’s Fair
Zworykin & Flory @ RCA-Sarnoff in Princeton, Late 50s** VK Zworykin & L Flory “Electronic Control of Motor Vehicles on Highways” Proc. 37th Annual Mtg Highway Research Board, 1958
Robert E Fenton @ OSU, Early 70s*
*
“A Headway Safety Policy for Automated Highway Operations” R.E. Fenton 1979
Slide21AHS Studies by FHWA in late 70’s and mid 90’s
2005
2007
2004
Military: Absolutely NOT interested in building Infrastructure
Must Operate in “Harshest” Environment
~ 2000: Military: Mandate to automate ground logistics
Evolution of AHS Concept
(
Automated
Highway
System
)
Slide222005
2007
Link to Presentation
Not Easy
2007
2005
Old House
Beginning of Serious Vehicle Automation
Slide232. Current State of Driverless Vehicles
Recent advances in automated systems in exclusive environments:Milan driverless Metro PodCar system at HeathrowExtension Plans announced Driverless Trucks in Australian & Chilean Mines
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ET_DaHJzUbI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0RCSX95QmE
http://www.ultraglobalprt.com/heathrow-announces-plans-additional-personal-rapid-transit-prt-system-heathrow
/#
Slide242. Current State of Driverless Cars
Much of the public interest has been promoted by the car. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdgQpa1pUUEIt is not driverless…Not yetBut substantial advancements have focused on:Development of a self-driving vehicle that can operate in the existing environment.Motivated by fact: >90% of road traffic accidents involve human error. So… remove the human from the loop.FAA Sept 2007 Operator’s Manual “ Majority of ramp accidents involve Human error”Also… People often really do not want to drive. Driven over 500,000 miles in self-driving modehttp://gawker.com/5825012/how-a-top-google-executive-nearly-killed-a-guy
Slide252. Current State of Driverless Cars, cont.
Substantial advances by auto industry:Automated parking
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=WEh7qIon36s
Slide26http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZ3s_cdk_yE&feature=player_embedded
Audi
Slide27http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0D0ZN2tPihQ&feature=player_embedded
Bosch
Slide28http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tpI0S6XWvY
Mercedes-BenzBrake-assist
Slide29http://www.mbusa.com/mercedes/vehicles/build/class-S/model-S400HV%23performance#performance
Slide302. Current State of Driverless Cars, cont.
Substantial advances by auto industry:Automated parking Jam Assist (lane keeping + collision avoidance)Currently available as a $3K option @ Mercedes Dealers
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7aTbSf1Lyo
Mercedes-Benz
Steering-assist
Slide312. Current State of Driverless Cars, cont.
Substantial advances by auto industry:
Automated parking
Jam Assist (lane keeping + collision avoidance)
Currently available as a $3K option @ Mercedes Dealers
Partnership arrangement
btwn
Parts suppliers and manufacturers (ex: Continental + BMW) suggests that such options will become common place.
Recent successful completion of a collaborative
European research initiatives
demonstrating automated driving systems using low-cost sensing components
Slide322. Current State of Driverless Cars, cont.
Substantial advances by Federal Regulators:
NHTSA Administrator David Strickland:
NHTSA extending vehicle crash oversight from
Mitigation
to
Avoidance
Mitigation:
Airbags, Seatbelts,
CrumpleZones
Avoidance:
AntiLockBrakes
,
ActiveStabilityControl
, V2X,
CollisionAvoidance
,
LaneKeeping
,
DriverMonitoring
,
AutomatedDriving
Slide33Slide34http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZ3s_cdk_yE&feature=player_embedded
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0D0ZN2tPihQ&feature=player_embedded
http://orfe.princeton.edu/~alaink/SmartDrivingCars/Videos/VolvoPlatooningConcept.wmv
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ridS396W2BY&feature=player_detailpage
Assorted Videos of Self-Driving Cars
http://orfe.princeton.edu/~alaink/SmartDrivingCars/Videos/1_FrozenLakeVID_onlySteeringWoIndividualWheelBraking.mp4
http://orfe.princeton.edu/~
alaink/SmartDrivingCars/Videos/2_FrozenLakeVID_onlySteeringWoIndividualWheelBraking.mp4
http://orfe.princeton.edu/~
alaink/SmartDrivingCars/Videos/3_FrozenLakeVID_onlySteeringWoIndividualWheelBraking.mp4
http://orfe.princeton.edu/~
alaink/SmartDrivingCars/Videos/4_FrozenLakeVID_onlySteeringWoIndividualWheelBraking.mp4
Slide35http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdgQpa1pUUE
Slide36http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3ulKUJtZ3o
Slide37Initial Demonstrationof Autonomous Transit
Autonomous Buses at La Rochelle
(
CyberCars
/
Cybus
/INRIA
)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72-PlSFwP5Y
Simple virtual non-exclusive roadway
Virtual vehicle-based longitudinal (collision avoidance) and lateral (lane keeping) systems
Slide382. Current State of Driverless Cars, cont.
Technology forecasts by the European Researchers:Looks to Full Automation ~ 2030
Slide39What is in it for whom?
Players
Consumers
Automobile Companies
Infrastructure Providers/Managers (DoT, NJTPA, PANYNJ)
Transit Operators
Insurance Companies
Society/The Economy
Slide40What is in it for whom?
ConsumersMain Values: Increased Safety, Comfort and Convenience.AAA:
Slide41What is in it for whom?
ConsumersMain Values: Increased Safety, Comfort and Convenience.
DOT HS 810 767 Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash Avoidance Research
Slide42What is in it for whom?
ConsumersMain Values: Increased Safety, Comfort and Convenience.
DOT HS 810 767 Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash Avoidance Research
Slide43What is in it for whom?
ConsumerMain Values: Increased Safety, Comfort and Convenience.
DOT HS 810 767 Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash Avoidance Research
$475
are Pass-through Dollars
Slide44$475 are “Pass-through” Dollars
$450 Discount for You
$25 for Flo or the Gecko
Could Discount Finance?:
Assume:
Emergence of “Price Leading” Insurer
What is in it for whom?
Maybe too expensive?
$3,000. Option
Slide45Probably only 2/3rds the safety of Google Car
$300/
yr
to Mercedes
$20/yr for Flo or the Gecko
Could “Pass-through” FinanceMercedes Lane Keeping + Jam Assist?to be Available in 2014 Models
$475 Pass-through becomes:
$320
You get (for free):
Prob. of your car killing you reduced factor: 2/3*.81= 0.54 (half)
Prob. of your car
injuring
you reduced factor: 2/3
*.65= 0.44
“Save” expected “deductible self-insurance”: $247/
yr
Comfort
Convenience
“Anxiety” relief
Slide46What is in it for whom?
New Jersey Consumers
Slide47What is in if for whom?
Society
Can’t really place value on the injuries and lives that will be saved
Priceless!
Self-driving Technology
has a REAL business model!
Slide48How Might We Get There?
Slide49Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! It Consists of:Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ Port Authority Bus Terminal223 Departure GatesReadily Accommodates 700 Buses/hr
The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System
Slide50Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! It Consists of:Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus TerminalDirect Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel
The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System
Slide51Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! It Consists of:Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus TerminalDirect Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel3+ HOV Lanes on the NJ Turnpike that are, by default, essentially bus-only
The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System
Slide52Fact: For over 40 years New Jersey has had the World’s Best “Bus Rapid Transit” System! It Consists of:Efficient Boarding/Alighting @ PA Bus TerminalDirect Access/Egress to Exclusive Lanes in the Lincoln Tunnel3+ HOV Lanes on the NJ Turnpike that are, by default, essentially bus-only Many Strategically Located Park&Ride Lots
The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System
Slide53Pieces are Connected by: “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL)2.5 miles
The World’s Best
Bus Rapid Transit System
Slide54Pieces are Connected by:
“495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL)Lane Segregation is by Removable Plastic PegYet exceedingly Safe3 (?) accidents in 41 years, no fatalities.
The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System
Slide55Pieces are Connected by: “495-viaduct” Counter-flow Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL Movie)Daily (6am->10am): 1,800 Buses; 65,000 paxPeak Hour: 700 Buses; 35,000 paxPeak Hour: At Capacity! Physical Driver LimitAv. 5 sec. headway
The World’s Best
Bus Rapid Transit System
Slide56Additional Demand Exists for “BRT 2 NYC”How to increase capacity of XBL?“Take a 2nd Lane”?Political suicide!Widen the Viaduct and Helix?Very expensive/disruptiveHow about Driver Assistance?Extend Bus 2.0 Technology
Improving
The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System
Slide57add Intelligent Cruise Control with Lane Assist to the 3,000 buses…e.g. Daimler Benz Distronic Plus with Traffic Jam Assisteven at an incremental $100,000/bus this is just $200MCould achieve sustained 3.0 second headwaysIncreases practical throughput by 50% from 700 -> 1,000 buses/hr; 35,000 -> 50,000 pax/hrIncreased passenger capacity comparable to what would have been provided by $10B ARC rail tunnelInstitutionally manageable:All Express Buses are leased for 1$/yr from PANY&NJFacilities (XBL, LT, PABT) are controlled by PANY&NJ DoT Ideal test facility available: Ft. Monmouth
Improving
The World’s Best
Bus Rapid Transit System
Slide58Concept Not New:Concept Makes Even More Sense Now!
Improving The World’s Best Bus Rapid Transit System
Slide59Near-term Opportunity for a Substantive Extension of Autonomous Transit
Specific: General Mobility for Fort Monmouth RedevelopmentCurrently: Decommissioned Ft. Monmouth is vacant .Ft. Monmouth Economic Revitalization Authority (FMERA) is redeveloping the 3 sq. mile “city”Focus is on attracting high-tech industryThe “Fort” needs a mobility system.FMEDA is receptive to incorporating an innovative mobility systemNext generation “La Rochelle” system would be idealBecause it is being redeveloped as a “new town” it can accommodate itself to be an ideal site for testing more advanced driverless systems.
Slide60How about Saving “The State”???
Each year my students lay out a NJ-wide PRT networkObjective: to effectively serve essentially all NJ travel demand (all 30x106 daily non-walk trips)Place “every” demand point within “5 minute walk” of a station; all stations interconnected; maintain existing NJ Transit Rail and express bus operations )Typically:~10,000 stations (> $25B)~10,000 miles of guideway (>$100B)~750,000 PRT vehicles (>$75B)Optimistic cost: ~$200B
Slide61Far-term Opportunities for Driverless Transit
Biggest Issues
How to get started
How to evolve
Cost & complexity of guideway
What if ????
Use existing streets
automatedTaxi
(
aTaxi
)
Curb-side
aTaxi
stands offering on-demand shared-ride services
Ability to get started and evolve to
~10,000
aTaxi
stands
~750,000 aTaxis
Offering
peak hours:
stand2stand shared
aTaxi
service
else: stand2stand shared services and door2door premium service
Slide62Where might We End Up?
Slide63Slide64“Pixelated” New Jersey(“1/2 mile square; 0.25mi2)
aTaxi Concept – (PRT) Model
Personal Rapid Transit Model
aTaxis operate between aTaxiStands
A
utonomous vehicles wait for walk-up customers
Located in “center” of each pixel
(max ¼ mile walk)
Departure is Delayed to facilitate ride-sharing
Vehicles are shared to Common Pixel destinations
aTaxi Concept –
SPT Model
Smart Para Transit
Transit
Model
aTaxis
circulate to pick up riders in 9-Pixel area (1.5 miles on side)
Vehicles are shared to Common
9-Pixel Destinations
Slide65“Pixelated” New Jersey(“1/2 mile square; 0.25mi2)
aTaxi Concept – SPT Model(Smart Para Transit Model)
aTaxi Concept – (PRT) Model(Personal Rapid Transit Model)
Ref:
http
://orfe.princeton.edu/~alaink/Theses/2013/Brownell,%20Chris%20Final%20Thesis.pdf
Slide66State-wide automatedTaxi (aTaxi)
Serves essentially all NJ travel demand (32M trips/day)Shared ridership potential:
Slide67State-wide automatedTaxi (aTaxi)
Serves essentially all NJ travel demand (32M trips/day)Shared ridership potential:
Slide68State-wide automatedTaxi (aTaxi)
Fleet size (Instantaneous Repositioning)
Slide69State-wide automatedTaxi (aTaxi)
Abel to serve essentially all NJ travel demand (32M trips/day)
Shared ridership allows
Peak hour; peak direction:
Av. vehicle
occupancies to can reach ~ 3 p/v and eliminate much of the congestion
Essentially all congestion disappears with appropriate implications on the environment
Required fleet-size under 2M aTaxis (about half)
(3.71 registered automobiles in NJ (2009)
Slide70Slide71Most every day…
Almost 9 Million NJ residents 0.25 Million of out of state commutersMake 30+ Million trips Throughout the 8,700 sq miles of NJWhere/when do they start?Where do they go? Does anyone know???I certainly don’tNot to sufficient precision for credible analysis
Slide72I’ve harvested one of the largest troves of GPS tracks Literally billions of individual trips, Unfortunately, they are spread throughout the western world, throughout the last decade. Consequently, I have only a very small ad hoc sample of what happens in NJ on a typical day.
I’ve Tried…
Slide73Motivation – Publicly available data do not contain:Spatial precisionWhere are people leaving from?Where are people going?Temporal precisionAt what time are they travelling?
ORF 467 Fall 2012
73
Trip Synthesizer
Project Overview
Slide74Why do I want to know every trip?
Academic Curiosity
If offered an alternative, which ones would likely “buy it” and what are the implications.
More specifically:
If an alternative transport system were available, which trips would be diverted to it and what operational requirements would those trip impose on the new system?
In the end…
a transport system serves
individual
decision makers. It’s patronage is an
ensemble of individuals
,
I would prefer analyzing each individual trip patronage opportunity.
Slide75Synthesize from publically available data:
“every” NJ Traveler on a typical day
NJ_Resident
file
Containing appropriate demographic and spatial characteristics that reflect trip making
“every” trip that each Traveler is likely to make on a typical day.
NJ_PersonTrip
file
Containing appropriate spatial and temporal characteristics for each trip
Slide76Creating the NJ_Resident file
for “every” NJ Traveler on a typical day
NJ_Resident
file
Start with Publically available data:
Slide772010 Population census @Block Level
8,791,894 individuals distributed 118,654 Blocks.
CountyPopulationCensus BlocksMedian Pop/ BlockAverage Pop/BlockATL 274,549 5,941 2646BER 905,116 11,171 5881BUR 448,734 7,097 4163CAM 513,657 7,707 4767CAP 97,265 3,610 1527CUM 156,898 2,733 3457ESS 783,969 6,820 77115GLO 288,288 4,567 4063HUD 634,266 3,031 176209HUN 128,349 2,277 3156MER 366,513 4,611 5179MID 809,858 9,845 5082MON 630,380 10,067 3963MOR 492,276 6,543 4575OCE 576,567 10,457 3155PAS 501,226 4,966 65101SAL 66,083 1,665 2640SOM 323,444 3,836 5184SUS 149,265 2,998 2850UNI 536,499 6,139 6187WAR 108,692 2,573 2342Total 8,791,894 118,654 74.1
Slide78Publically available data:
Distributions of Demographic CharacteristicsAgeGenderHousehold sizeName (Last, First)
Ages (varying linearly over interval):input:output:[0,49]67.5%67.5%[50,64]18.0%17.9%[65,79]12.0%12.1%[80,100]2.5%2.5%
Gender:Input:Output:female51.3%51.3%
Household:
Size:
Probability:
cdf:
Expectation:
couple
2
0.30
0.300
0.6
couple + 1
3
0.08
0.380
0.24
couple + 2
4
0.06
0.440
0.24
couple + 3
5
0.04
0.480
0.2
couple + 4
6
0.04
0.520
0.24
couple + grandparent:
3
0.01
0.525
0.015
single woman
1
0.16
0.685
0.16
single mom + 1
2
0.07
0.755
0.14
single mom + 2
3
0.05
0.805
0.15
single mom + 3
4
0.03
0.835
0.12
single mom + 4
5
0.03
0.865
0.15
single man
1
0.12
0.985
0.12
single dad + 1
2
0.01
0.990
0.01
single dad + 2
3
0.005
0.995
0.015
single dad + 3
4
0.005
1.000
0.02
2.42
Slide79Final NJ_Resident file
Home CountyPerson IndexHousehold IndexFull NameAgeGenderWorker Type IndexWorker Type StringHome lat, lonWork or School lat,lonWork CountyWork or School IndexNAICS codeWork or School start/end time
ATL
274,549BER 905,116BUR 448,734CAM 513,657CAP 97,265CUM 156,898ESS 783,969GLO 288,288HUD 634,266HUN 128,349MER 366,513MID 809,858MON 630,380MOR 492,276OCE 576,567PAS 501,226SAL 66,083SOM 323,444SUS 149,265UNI 536,499WAR 108,692NYC 86,418PHL 18,586BUC 99,865SOU 13,772NOR 5,046WES 6,531ROC 32,737Total: 9,054,849
Slide80Assigning a Daily Activity (Trip) Tour to Each Person
Slide81NJ_PersonTrip file
9,054,849 recordsOne for each person in NJ_Resident fileSpecifying 32,862,668 Daily Person TripsEach characterized by a preciseOrigination, Destination and Departure Time
All Trips
Home County
Trips
TripMiles
AverageTM
#
Miles
Miles
ATL
936,585
27,723,931
29.6
BER
3,075,434
40,006,145
13.0
BUC
250,006
9,725,080
38.9
BUR
1,525,713
37,274,682
24.4
CAM
1,746,906
27,523,679
15.8
CAP
333,690
11,026,874
33.0
CUM
532,897
18,766,986
35.2
ESS
2,663,517
29,307,439
11.0
GLO
980,302
23,790,798
24.3
HUD
2,153,677
18,580,585
8.6
HUN
437,598
13,044,440
29.8
MER
1,248,183
22,410,297
18.0
MID
2,753,142
47,579,551
17.3
MON
2,144,477
50,862,651
23.7
MOR
1,677,161
33,746,360
20.1
NOR
12,534
900,434
71.8
NYC
215,915
4,131,764
19.1
OCE
1,964,014
63,174,466
32.2
PAS
1,704,184
22,641,201
13.3
PHL
46,468
1,367,405
29.4
ROC
81,740
2,163,311
26.5
SAL
225,725
8,239,593
36.5
SOM
1,099,927
21,799,647
19.8
SOU
34,493
2,468,016
71.6
SUS
508,674
16,572,792
32.6
UNI
1,824,093
21,860,031
12.0
WAR
371,169
13,012,489
35.1
WES
16,304
477,950
29.3
Total
32,862,668
590,178,597
19.3
Slide82Overview of Data Production
Generate populationAssign work placesAssign schoolsAssign tours / activity patternsAssign other tripsAssign arrival / departure times
ORF 467 Fall 2012
82
Project Overview
Slide83Intra-pixel Trips
W
arren County
Population
: 108,692
Slide84New Jersey Summary Data
Item
Value
Area (mi
2
)
8,061
# of Pixels Generating at Least One O_Trip
21,643
Area of Pixels (mi
2
)
5,411
% of Open Space
32.9%
# of Pixels Generating 95% of O_Trips
9,519
# of Pixels Generating 50% of O_Trips
1,310
# of Intra-Pixel Trips
447,102
# of O_Walk Trips
1,943,803
# of All O_Trips
32,862,668
Avg. All O_TripLength (miles)
19.6
# of O_aTaxi Trips
30,471,763
Avg. O_aTaxiTripLength (miles)
20.7
Median O_aTaxiTripLength (miles)
12.5
95% O_aTaxiTripLength (miles)
38.0
Slide85Slide86Slide87NJ Transit
Train Station
“Consumer-shed”
Slide88“Manhattan Customer-shed” Regions
for NJ Transit Train Stations
Yellow Lines connect 0.25 mi2 areas to nearest NJT Train Station where Distance is a “Manhattan Metric” = |Dx|+ |Dy|
Trenton
Princeton
Hamilton
New Brunswick
Princeton Jct.
Metuchen
Edison
Metro Park
Slide89“Manhattan Customer-shed” Regions
for NJ Transit Train Stations
Yellow Lines connect 0.25 mi2 areas to nearest NJT Train Station where Distance is a “Manhattan Metric” = |Dx|+ |Dy|
Princeton
Hamilton
New Brunswick
Princeton Jct.
Edison
Slide90Discussion!
Slide91Thank You