Smuggling - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Smuggling and Trafficking in Human Beings: The Phenomenon, The Markets that Drive it and The Organisations that Promote it.

Article

by

Alexis A.

Aronowitz

–

Presentation

by

Cindy

Dehaen

,

July

2012Slide2

Human smuggling and traffickingDefining the phenomenon: establishing coherent understanding

Magnitude of the

problem

,

understanding

the

reasons

for

its

existence

,

identifying

the root

causes

,

analysis

of the

markets

National and international programs & the

importance

of

co-operation

:

strategies

to

fight

smuggling

and

traffickingSlide3

Smuggled or trafficked? Voluntary vs unvoluntaryAmount of money paid

by

the

victim

upon arrival in the destination countryCreating a debt bondage: most victims are women & children (used for sexual exploitation & forced labor)

Traffickers escape from prosecution: deception & coercionThe symbiotic relationship between illegal & conventional markets:use of sub-contracts => both profit of the use of smuggled or trafficked victims e.g.: textile industry, building industry, restaurants, factories, farms...Slide4

MagnitudE, reasons, root causes=> Accurate statistics: difficult

due

to

its

clandistine nature=> Estimate by the IOM: > 4 million a year

=> 5 factors indicating an increasing & expanding market: # of people living in poverty willing to take the chance lack in border control: corrupt government officials world & economy globalisation advanced technology & communication growing organized crimeThe PUSH and PULL factors: the REAL CAUSES of LEGAL AND ILLEGAL immigration

PUSH:

Government

corruptionInfant mortality rateProportion of youngstersFood production indexPopulation densitySocial unrest

PULL:

Easy border

control

(

suggesting

government

corruption

)

Infant

mortality

rate

Male

population

over 60

Food

production

index

Energy

consumptionSlide5

While some (il)legal

migrants

immediately

end up in the third market, some start working the domestic service economy or in restaurants, often in slave-like

conditionsOften includes deplorable working, living and sanitary conditionsWanting to escape from being mistreated, a lot of (il)legal migrants end up in the illicit sex industryMarkets benefiting from

it

(ANALYSIS)Slide6

3 levels within the illicit sex industrySmall-scale activities

by

individual

entrepreneurs (

brothels)Mid-level prostitution of clandestine operations importing and controlling womenLarge-scale international criminal organisations linked with domestic

criminal organisations , keeping women without documentation under tight control => PROFITS USUALLY REINVESTED IN THE LEGITIMATE ECONOMY THROUGH MONEY LAUNDERINGSlide7

Technological

advance

s

used

for

recrutement: the internetSlide8

DIFFERent

degrees

of

organization

Evidence byEuropol

: high degree of organization evolved from large entities to smaller horizontal structures to co-operate in the European UnionIncreased flexibility &decentralization allow a faster adaptation &re-organization in case of threats from law enforcement but also market competition& higher demand!Horizontal interpendency => diversification => expansion into other illicit markets & criminal activities: vehicle theft drug trafficking trafficking in arms money launderingHalf of the sex-industry = in hands of non-nationalsSlide9

CONditions

facilitating

the

practice

Lack

of

legislationLack of political will => corruptionLack of capacity: manpower & materialLack of co-operation nationally & internationally

CONditions

&

measures necessary to fight itPrevention – Protection – Assistance: => awareness-raising

campaigns

in

countries

of

origin

&

sensitization

campaigns

in transit/

destination

countries

=>

assistance

programs &

effective

laws

=>

economic measures: strenghtening educational, training & job opportunities => training material for fieldworkers => a range of services for victims => better protection & more legal measures granted to NGO’sEnforcement – Prosecution of Traffickers: => obligatory existance of legislation & enforcement: eradicating corruption => enforcing agencies: allow them to take disruptive measures => gathering & sharing of intelligence on national & international level Slide10

Actions to be takenExchange

of

information

Co-ordination

&

harmonization of

national policies & lawsBi-lateral or multi-lateral agreementsRepatriation & reintegration assistanceExtradition of criminalsTraining of government officials

More

severe

penalties for trafficking => IF NOT: THE FLOW OF ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING IS SIMPLY DISPLACED (f.e. influx illegal Chinese into Great-Britain as a result of stringent measures in Germany) Establish:By who?

NGO’s

Governments

International

bodies

E.g.:

The General

Assembly

of the United

Nations

:

Convention

on

Transnational

Organized

Crime –

signed

by 123 coutriesProtocol on smuggling – signed by 77 countriesProtocol on trafficking – signed by 80 countries Result: nationalcoalitions &internationalco-operationSlide11

National and international programsThe Global Program by CICP & UNICRI: => Several projects in 4 different regions of the world => Focus on

research:

identifying

=> MODUS OPERANDI

=> travel routes

=> degree of organisation of criminal networks => Questionnaires: collecting quantative emperical data & best practices => Data from NGO’s, victims, government law

enforcement & intelligence sources => Information to better develop measures => Better understanding of the factors fueling the problem: historical, cultural, political and economic situations (e.g. the case sof the Philippines & of West-Africa)Slide12

Rectifying the root causes to permanently resolve the problemSlide13

SOURCESAronowitz, A.(2001). Smuggling and trafficking in human beings: the phenomenon, the markets that drive it and the organisations that promote it. European journal on Criminal Policy and Research,9 (2), 163-195. Doi: 10.1023/A1011253129328EUHomeAffairs (19 june 2012). Personal testimonies

of

victims

of

human

trafficking [Video]. Consulted at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-021GVUiKgU&feature=related