Historical Perspective of Immunology - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Historical Perspective of Immunology

Mr. Bhartendu Vimal (Asst. Professor)CoF, KishanganjBASU, Patna

Slide2

IntroductionImmunology and Immune systemTo rid the body of foreign particles (microbial and otherwise) and abnormal cellsImmunis, meaning “exempt” Two main function is- Recognition Response

Slide3

Overview of immunologyInnate Immunity: Fast-acting Less specific recognition Early during evolution e.g. barriers to infection such as skin and mucus surfacesAdaptive Immunity: Specificity Distinguish antigens sometimes present from those always present Memory and Recall

Cells of the immune system Leukocytes originating from haemopoietic cellsCommunication with other systems Endocrine system Central nervous system Skeletal systemDisruption of the Immune System Allergy Autoimmunity Immunodeficiency

Slide4

Historical perspectiveEarliest written reference to the phenomenon of immunity can be traced back to Thucydides, the great historian of the Peloponnesian War. The case was Plague in Athens, in 430 BCThe first recorded attempts to induce immunity deliberately were performed by the Chinese and Turks in the 15

th century.Various reports suggested that the dried crusts derived from smallpox pustules were either inhaled into the nostrils or inserted in to the small cuts in the skinA technique called variolation In 1718, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, the wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople, observed the positive effects of variolation on the native population and had the technique performed on her own children.

Slide5

The method was significantly improved by the English physician Edward Jenner, in 1798. Intrigued by the fact that milkmaids who had contracted the mild disease cowpox were subsequently immune to smallpox, which is a disfiguring and often fatal disease, Jenner reasoned that introducing fluid from cowpox pustule into people (i.e., inoculating them) might protect them from smallpox.

To test this idea, he inoculated an eight-year-old boy with fluid from a cowpox pustule and later intentionally infected the child with smallpox. As predicted, the child did not develop smallpox.

Slide6

The induction of immunity to cholera:Louis Pasteur had succeeded in growing the bacterium thought to cause fowl cholera in culture and then had shown that chickens injected with the cultured bacterium developed cholera.After returning from a summer vacation, he injected some chickens with an old culture. The chickens became ill, but, to Pasteur’s surprise, they recovered.

Pasteur then grew a fresh culture of the bacterium with the intention of injecting it into some fresh chickens. But, as the story goes, his supply of chickens was limited, and therefore he used the previously injected chickens.Again to his surprise, the chickens were completely protected from the disease.

Slide7

Pasteur hypothesized and proved that aging had weakened the virulence of the pathogen and that such an attenuated strain might be administered to protect against the disease.He called this attenuated strain a vaccine (from the Latin vacca, meaning “cow”), in honor of Jenner’s work with cowpox inoculation.

In 1885, Pasteur administered his first vaccine to a human, a young boy who had been bitten repeatedly by a rabid dog. The boy, Joseph Meister, was inoculated with a series of attenuated rabies virus preparations. He lived and later became a custodian at the Pasteur Institute.From Harper’s Weekly 29:836;courtesy of the National Library of Medicine

Slide8

Relationship between two Great Scientists who contributed significantly to immunologyAlthough Koch and Pasteur were contemporaries, they were intensely competitive and actually bitter enemies--of course, the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian war (1870) did nothing to cement their relationship.In a trenchant example of how not to behave toward a colleague at a scientific meeting, Koch made his way to the podium following Pasteur’s lecture and said: “When I saw in the program that Monsieur Pasteur was to speak today...I attended the meeting eagerly, hoping to learn something new...I must confess that I have been disappointed, as there is nothing new in the speech which Monsieur Pasteur has just made...”

Slide9

The emerging distinction between cellular and humoral immunity

Slide10

First insights into mechanics of immunity…1880’s- Metchnikoff discovered phagocytic cells that ingest microbes and particlescells conferred immunity

1890- von Behring and Kitasato discovered blood sera could transfer immunityliquid of blood conferred immunityQ: Which confers immunity… cells or serum?

Emil von Behring

S. Kitasato

Elie Metchnikoff

Slide11

1930’s – early techniques made it easier to study humoral elements [than cellular ones]. -discovery of active component of blood – gamma globulin “protein”1950’s – discovery of T and B cellsLater discoveries linked lymphocytes to both cellular and humoral immunity

A: Both cells and serum contribute to immunity!

Slide12

Understanding specificity of antibody for antigen took yearsEarly 1900’s- Landsteiner revealed antibody could be produced vs. most any organic compoundLast 20 yrs- Antibody specificity reveals unlimited range of reactivity – also to newly synthesized chemicals!

Karl Landsteiner

Slide13

    

Edward Jenner  Born on May 17, 1749, in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England, Died Jan. 26, 1823.  ·    As a teenager, while learning to be a physician, he heard a young farm girl tell a doctor that she could not contract smallpox because she had once had cowpox (a very mild disease). This started him thinking about a vaccine. ·       After years of experimenting, on May 14, 1796, Edward Jenner carried out a famous experiment on a healthy 8-year-old boy, James Phipps, with cowpox. He took material from a burst pustule on the arm of Sarah Nelmes who had apparently contracted cowpox. He then deliberately exposed the boy to virulent variola virus two months later and found that the child was protected, showing only a mild inflammation around the site where the variola was injected.  ·        Some record shows that in 1789 he had already experimented vaccination on his own son, then aged one-and-a-half, with the swine pox, followed by conventional smallpox inoculation.  

A CRIME??

Sarah Nelmes’ hand

Slide14

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

  Stereochemistist: molecular asymmetryFermentation and silk worker diseaseGerm Theory of disease Attenuated vaccines for cholera, anthrax, and rabies On July 4, 1886, 9-year-old Joseph Meister was bitten repeatedly by a rabid dog. Pasteur treated him with his attenuated rabies vaccine two days later. Meister survived.

Joseph Meister later become a gatekeeper for the Pasteur Institute. In 1940, when he was ordered by the German occupiers to open Pasteur's crypt, Joseph Meister refused and committed suicide! 

Slide15

Emil Adolf von Behring (1854 – 1917)

Awarded first Nobel Prize in physiology, 1901Student of KochWith Kitasato and Wernike, discovered anti-toxin for Diphtheria and Tetanus and applied as therapy.  

Slide16

Paul Ehrlich (1854 – 1915)

      Developed a series of tissue-staining dyes including that for tubercle bacillus. ·  Worked with Koch. Developed anti-toxin (Diphtheria) and hemalysis·   Side-chain theory of antibody formation:"surface receptors bound by lock & key; Ag stimulated receptors" ·   Shared 1908 Nobel Prize with Metchnikoff.

Slide17

Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916)

 

·   Formed the basis of leukocyte phagocytosis. ·   Birth of cellular immunology Shared Nobel Prize with Ehrlich in 1908

Slide18

Milstein (b. 1927) and

Köhler (1946-1995)·   Monoclonal antibody

                               

Slide19

Susumu

Tonegawa (b. 1939) Cloning of the Immunoglobulin gene1987 Nobel prize for his discovery of "the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity".                                            

Slide20

Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M.

Zinkernagel·       Two signals·        1996 Nobel Prize for their discoveries concerning "the specificity of the cell-mediated immune defence".

                               

Slide21

Stem Cell

B

BasophilsPolymorpho-nuclear

leucocytesNeutrophils

Eosinophils

Macrophages

Monocytes

Lymphoid

cell line

Myeloid

cell line

T

NK

Specific

Innate

Slide22

Slide23

Slide24

Slide25

Slide26

Slide27

Slide28

Source: Immunology by Richard et al.,

Slide29