CAPITALIZATION Capitalize mom, dad, grandpa, aunt, etc. only in a direct address or if - PowerPoint Presentation

1. CAPITALIZATIONCapitalize mom, dad, grandpa, aunt, etc. only in a direct address or if it’s used as a title.Dad, Grandma Hepler likes it, but my mom and my Aunt Sally do not.Capitalize only courses with numbers or that are languages.I have Algebra 2, French, and social studies, but not gym.Capitalize the points of a compass only when referring to a region, not a direction.Ed is from the South, from the northeast section of the city.Capitalize all important words in a title (not articles, preps, or conjunctions unless they are the first or last words).Three of my favorite books are And Then There Were None, Into the Wild, and Of Mice and Men.

2. POSSESSIVESIf the word is singular –add ‘s regardless of how it ends. If the words is plural and end is s –simply add ‘.If the word is plural and doesn’t end in s (called irregulars) –add ‘s. When making a compound possessive @ once, you only need to make the last possessive.

3. Plurals –elementary school*To form the plural of most nouns, just add “s” *When a singular noun ends in s, sh, ch, x, or z, you add “es”. *When the singular noun ends in consonant –y, you change the y to “i” and add “ies”. When it’s vowel -y, just add “s”. *When a singular noun ends in o, you add “s” or “es”.  *For most nouns ending in f or fe, change the f to “v” and add “s” or “es”. Of course there are always words that follow no pattern. We refer to these as irregulars.

4. PLURALS –grade levelTo form the plural of a compound noun written as one word, change the last word in the compound to its plural form. Otherwise change the most important word to the plural form. For some unique Latin words, they follow a traditional Latin pattern. If a Latin word ends in a, change it to “ae”. If a word ends in us, change it to i.A lesser known rule is that apostrophes can pluralize non-words -“Non-words” refers to letters, numbers, symbols, and words that need help to pluralize.

5. Ex. snowman becomes snowmen brother-in-law becomes brothers-in-lawEx. alumnus becomes alumni fungus becomes fungiEx. She earned three A’s and two B’s on her report card. I have no 5’s in my phone number, but I do have a couple 2’s. I get tired of seeing &’s used in place of the word and. No if’s, and’s, or but’s about it, I am going to win!***In the ultra rare case, if I need to make one of these plurals possessive, still only use one apostrophe.Ex. The two ‘s circumferences were a total of 3.5 feet. PLURALS –grade level examples

6. #9 essential knowledgeWhile the world will not end if you incorrectly capitalize algebra, you must know how to pluralize and make words possessive –knowing the difference between baby, babies, baby’s, and babies’.

7. #9 Background UnderstandingSingular nounPlural nounSingular possessivePlural possessivePickleDishSandwichStrawberryToy$snowman*buffalo*chief

8. #9 Transfer to writing (context)Timmy asked his Mom for a few dollars to go buy Tuesdays With Morrie since he loves all of Mitch Albom’s books.The loafs of bread were almost done baking. We will take all dozen to the childrens’ orphanage for their food drive. We plan on donating about five boxen of non-perishables as well.

9. Singular nounPlural nounSingular possessivePlural possessiveActivity7Alumna (Latin)Alumnus (Latin)Attorney GeneralSpirit DayGlass*Pistachio*DaisyToothpaste*ChurchVenom*Goose*Mouse (as in computer)Thief*Staff*

10. Singular nounPlural nounSingular possessivePlural possessiveActivityActivitiesActivity’sActivities’77’s7’s7’sAlumna (Latin)AlumnaeAlumna’sAlumnae’sAlumnus (Latin)AlumniAlumnus’sAlumni’sAttorney GeneralAttorneys generalAttorney General’sAttorneys general’sSpirit DaySpirit daysSpirit Day’sSpirit dayssGlass*Glass (plates) or glasses (cups)Glass’sGlass’s (plates) or glasses’ (cups)Pistachio*PistachiosPistachio’sPistachios’DaisyDaisiesDaisy’sDaisies’Toothpaste*Toothpaste or toothpastesToothpaste’sToothpaste’s or toothpastes’ChurchChurchesChurch’sChurches’Scarf*ScarvesScarf’sScarves’Goose*GeeseGoose’sGeese’sMouse (as in computer)MousesMouse’sMouses’Thief*ThievesThief’sThieves’Spoof*SpoofsSpoof’sSpoofs’

11. Singular nounPlural nounSingular possessivePlural possessiveCherryBoxDeer*Father-in-lawValue mealSportBasketball hoopTrio*Domino*Tooth*Foot*ClassPhoneButterflyFormula (Latin)@

12. Singular nounPlural nounSingular possessivePlural possessiveCherryCherriesCherry’sCherries’BoxBoxesBox’sBoxes’Deer*DeerDeer’sDeer’sFather-in-lawFathers-in-lawFather-in-law’sFathers-in-law’sValue mealValue mealsValue meal’sValue meals’SportSportsSport’sSports’Basketball hoopBasketball hoopsBasketball hoop’sBasketball hoops’Trio*TriosTrio’sTrios’Domino*Dominos or dominoesDomino’sDominos’ or dominoes’Tooth*TeethTooth’sTeeth’sFoot*FeetFoot’sFeet’sClassClassesClass’sClasses’PhonePhonesPhone’sPhones’ButterflyButterfliesButterfly’sButterflies’Formula (Latin)FormulaeFormula’sFormulae’s@@’s@’s@’s