Pesticide Formulations CONTENTS What are pesticides Three names of pesticides Important vocabulary Formulation development Pesticide formulation Brand name abbreviations Selection of formulation ID: 918446
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Slide1
Environmental Toxicology UNIT IIIPesticide Formulations
Slide2CONTENTSWhat are pesticides?Three names of pesticides.
Important vocabulary.Formulation development / Pesticide formulation.Brand name abbreviationsSelection of formulationAdvantages and disadvantages of different formulations.
Slide3What are pesticides?Pesticides and Pest
Types of pestcides
Pesticides are chemical or biological substances designed to kill, control or repel a variety of living organisms or pests such as insects, weeds, mold
or fungus,rodents, etc. A pest is any living organism, whether animal, plant or fungus, which is invasive or troublesome to plants or animals, human or human concerns, livestock, or human structures. It is a loose concept, as an organism can be a pest in one setting but beneficial, domesticated or acceptable in another
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(organism).
Acaricide
Bactericide
Biocide
Bioherbicide
Biopesticide
Fungicide
Herbicide
Insecticide
Molluscicide
Nematicide
Piscicide
Rodenticide
Slimicide
Slide4Names of Pesticides:
Three names are associated with every pesticide:1. Chemical name *
The systematic Name of a Chemical Compound according to the rules of nomenclature of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry as adapted for indexing in Chemical Abstracts
For example: 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid.. is a chemical name
2. Common name: A generic name for a chemical compound (see the Weed Science Society of America list of herbicide nomenclature)
For example: The common name for 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinoxyacetic acid.. is
triclopyr
The common name is the name generally used in discussing
pesticidal
toxicology and environmental behavior and fate
3.
Product name
:
The trade name of a pesticide; that is the name on the container you purchase. It is also the name to which the EPA registration number is applied at the time of registration
Triclopyr alone is sold as: Garlon 3A or Garlon 4
Slide5Formulation Development
Active ingredient
(
ai
)Liquid/solid
Commercial Product
Inert ingredients
Surfactants:
Dispersants
Wetting agents
•Solvents
•Emulsifiers
•
Defoamer
•Stabilizer
•Anti-
microbials
•Anti-freeze
•Pigments/Colorants
•Buffers, etc.
A homogeneous and stable mixture of active and inert ingredients which make the final product simpler, safer, and more efficacious to apply to a target pest.
Slide6Active ingredientThe ingredients in pesticide products come from many sources, some such as nicotine, rotenone and pyrethrum are extracted from plants.
Others have minerals origin (e.g. copper sulphur) while few are derived from microbes (Bacillus thuringiensis
). Vast majority are synthesized in the laboratory by chemist.
Slide7Important vocabulary
Active Ingredient (AI) - the actual chemical in the product mixture that controls the pest
Inert Ingredient - other materials added with the AI when the product is formulatedPhytotoxicity - plant damage
Adjuvant - product added to spray tank to assist pesticide in its application
Slide8Pesticide Formulation
active ingredient (Ai)each Ai will be listed
+
water, emulsifiers
solvents, dry carrier material stabilizers, dye surfactants: spreaders, stickers
wetting agents
inert ingredients
Slide9Product FormulationsActive and Inert Ingredients
Lexone
DF
Active Ingredient
Metribuzin
(4-amino-6-1-1
dimethlyethly
-
3-methythio 1,2,4,triazine 5 4H-one)
25%
Inert Ingredients 75%
TOTAL 100%
EPA Reg. No. 12333-344
Slide10Lexone
2E
Active Ingredient
Metribuzin* 25%
Inert Ingredients 75%
TOTAL 100%
* contains 2 lbs
metribuzin
per gallon
Active Ingredient
Metribuzin
25%Inert Ingredients 75%
TOTAL 100%
Lexone
DF
Liquid
Dry
Slide11Why Add Inert Ingredients?
For ease of pesticide product handling
Inerts make measuring and mixing pesticides easier
To provide for safety
Makes the Ai
work
better
Better
penetration
More
selectivity
Increased effectiveness
Slide12Adjuvant
The term adjuvant basically means additive (you need to memorize it)Formulation additive
Additive which is soldseparately to mix with the
product when tank mixingLabels will often recommend to add an adjuvant
Include surfactants, spreaders, wetting agents, colorant dyes, buffers, antifoaming agents, safeners, etc.
may be used to help ensure application coverage or they may be used for safety reasons.
Buffers
are mixed with the spray mix water prior to adding products that are highly sensitive to pH, the acidity or alkalinity of the water used in the spray
mix.
Antifoaming
agents and
safeners
may be used to improve the compatibility of the spray mixture.
Slide13Deciphering the Ai Code in Product Names
80SP80% active ingredient
by weight Soluble Powder
40DF
40 % active ingred.Dry Flowable
1EC
1 lb Ai/gallon
emulsifiable concentrate
Slide14A pesticide brand name may contain a lot of useful information about the pesticide formulation and amount of active ingredient.
The letters that are typically found in the brand name are abbreviations for the type of pesticide formulation. – soluble powder is SP, DF is dry flowable, and EC is
emulsifiable concentrate.The number used in a brand name often correlates with the rate of active ingredient in the formulation. 40DF is a dry flowable
formulation with 40% active ingredient. 80SP would be a soluble powder with 80% active ingredient. With liquid formulations, numbers usually relate to the number of pounds of active ingredient found in a gallon of the formulated product.
So Acclaim 1EC herbicide contains 1 pound of active ingredient for each gallon of formulated product.
Slide15Brand Name AbbreviationsOften brand names include abbreviations that describe something about the formulation
D
– dustG – granular
SP – soluble powderS – solution WP – wettable powder
EC – emulsifiable concentrateDF – dry flowable
WDG – water dispersible granule
WSP – water soluble packet
ULV – ultra low volume
RTU – ready to use
GL – gel
LO – low odor
Slide16Roy Bateman
at
English Wikipedia
Slide17Selection of FormulationEvaluate advantages and disadvantages
Do you have the right application equipment?Can the formulation be applied when and where it is needed?
Will the formulation reach the target pest and be there long enough?
Slide18Spray Mix Terminology
solutionsuspensionemulsion
How does it really mix in the spray tank?
Slide19Solution
Active Ingredient
Either liquid or dry substance TRULY
dissolves
in water
just like sugar or whiskey in water
*usually transparent*
Slide20Suspension
Active Ingredient (high %)
impregnated onto Dry Carrier
and mixed with an
Emulsifier (slick, soapy
)
Solid particles suspended in a liquid
like hot chocolate
agitation
required
Slide21Emulsion
Ai
Oil
AI
Oil
AI
Oil
AI
Oil
AI
Oil
AI
Oil
AI
Oil
AI
Oil
AI
Oil
AI
Oil
AI
Oil
Ai
is dissolved in oil (oil/ai droplet) and mixed with an emulsifier
Ai/Oil
mixture is suspended in water forming a white emulsion
One liquid dispersed within another liquid
like milk
Slide22Liquid Formulations
Emulsifiable Concentrate (E or EC)
diluted
product
Active ingredient (liquid) dissolved in a petroleum-based solvent with an emulsifier added
Turns white when mixed
Smells of solvents
Slide23Easy to handleLittle agitationRelatively easy on equipment
Leaves little residue
Phytotoxic – plant injuryEasily absorbed by the skinFlammable
Deterioration of rubber and plastic hoses
Liquid Formulations
Emulsifiable Concentrate (E or EC)
High Ai%
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Slide24Ai dissolves in liquid carrier; once mixed with water, solutions do not settle out
diluted
product
Liquid Formulations
Solutions (S)
Slide25Easy to handleNo agitationEasy on equipmentNo residue
Used indoors/outdoors
None
Liquid Formulations
Solutions (S)
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Slide26Easy and relatively safe to handleLess than 1% per unit volume of active ingredient.
high cost
Liquid Formulations
Ready-to-Use Low Concentrate Solutions (RTU)
Slide27Liquid Formulations
Special-purpose formulationAlmost 100% active ingredient
Agriculture, forestry, mosquito controlAdvantage:Easy to handle
Little or no agitationEasy on equipmentNo residue
Used indoors/outdoorsDisadvantage: High drift hazardSpecialized equipment needed
Solvent wear on rubber and plastic
Calibration critical
Ultra-Low Volume (ULV)
Slide28Oil carrier with water-soluble pesticide – consistency of mayonnaiseReduce drift and runoffSticker-spreader
Specialty uses: Rights-of-way and near sensitive areas
Liquid Formulations
Invert Emulsions
Slide29Some are ready-to-useLittle active ingredientHigh drift potential
Liquid Formulations
Aerosols (A)
Some require highly specialized equipment
Difficult to confine
Respiratory protection needed
Slide30Dry Formulations
Baits (B)
A bait is an example of a dry or liquid product that is applied
without mixing
A bait formulation is an active ingredient mixed with food or another attractive substance. The bait either attracts the pest or is placed where the pest can find it. The amount of active ingredient in most bait formulations is quite low, usually less than 5 percent. Baits are used inside structures to control ants, roaches, flies and other insects and they’re used for rodent control.
Slide31Ready to useCoverage not criticalControl pest that move in and out of area
Attractive to children
May kill domestic animals and wildlifeDead pest odors
Old bait may serve as food source if inactive
Dry or Solid Formulations
Baits (B)
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Slide32Dry Formulations
Pastes (P), Gels (GL)
A bait formulated as a paste or gel that is applied with a syringe or bait gun
Odorless
Minimal exposure
Easy to place
Melt at high temperatures
May stain porous surfaces
Repeat application can create unsightly buildup
Slide33Ready-to-useCan reach hard to get places
Very little active ingredient Very fine, dry inert carrier
High drift potentialDistribution and calibration a problem
Dusts: Irritating to eyes, nose, throat, skin
Dry or Solid Formulations
Dusts (D) and Granules (G)
granule
AI
dust
AI
Slide34Dry Formulations
Granules (G) and Pellets (P or PS)
Granules
Beads
Pellets
Granules: can be mistaken for food/feed
Slide35Dry Formulations + WaterBuy Dry --> Mix with water -> Spray
Wettable Powders (WP)Water Dispersible Granules (WDG)
Dry Flowables (DF)
Active Ingredient (high %)
Dry Carrier
Emulsifier (slick, soapy)
Slide36Wettable powders settle out quickly, therefore require constant agitation in the spray tank
Dry Formulations
Wettable Powders (WP or W)
diluted
product
Slide37Easy to storeEasy to measure/mixRelatively less harmful to plants, animals and surfaces than ECs
Less absorption by human skin and eyes
Inhalation hazardConstant agitation
Difficult to mix in hard waterAbrasive to pumps and nozzles
Visible residues
Dry Formulations
Wettable Powders – high Ai %
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Slide38These materials possess some of the same characteristics as wettable powders except they are formulated into granular-sized particles, so are easier to handle
with little inhalation hazard
Dry Formulations
Water-dispersible Granules (WDG) or
Dry Flowables (DF)
diluted
product
Slide39Forms true solution, like sugar – no agitation Ai is 15-95% by weightFew pesticides are soluble powders
Dry Formulations
Soluble Powders (SP or WSP)
Slide40Easy to measure/mixForm true solutionLittle
phytotoxicity concernLess absorption by human skin and eyes
Inhalation hazard
Dry Formulations
Soluble Powders – high Ai %
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Slide41Flowables are basically a wettable powder pre-mixed with a liquid carrier
Liquid Formulations
Flowables (F) or Liquids (L)
diluted
product
Back to liquid for a minute
Slide42Other Formulations
MicroencapsulatedHigh toxicity Ai in encased formulationWater-soluble packets
No human exposure when mixingAttractants/RepellentsImpregnates
Pesticide/Fertilizer CombinationAnimal Systemics
Slide43There are other types of pesticide formulations, too.A microencapsulated formulation is when a liquid or dry pesticide particle is coated in plastic. This formulation is mixed with water and applied as a spray. The plastic coating breaks down and releases the active ingredient. The encapsulation of the active ingredient reduces the risk to applicators, however this formulation is very hazardous to bees. Because microcapsules are about the same size as pollen grains, foraging bees can carry the capsules back to their hive and poison the entire hive.
Water-soluble packets are packets containing a precise amount of several different formulations in a special bag that is dropped into the spray tank with the water. The pesticide is slowly released into the tank as the bag dissolves. Water-soluble packets reduce human exposure during mixing.
Slide44Other Formulations
Active as a poisonous gas, penetrates cracks, crevices, and stored commoditiesHighly toxic to all living organisms
Very high risk of inhalation exposureSpecialized protection equipment; enclosed space
Fumigants
Slide45Pesticide Mixtures
Tank mixing multiple products is legal unless prohibited by the label
Manufacturer only warranties their product alone or product mixtures listed on the label Manufacture notes known
incompatibilities on label Incompatibility
Heat, clumping, precipitateInactivity of active ingredients
Increased phytotoxicity
Use Jar-Test to test for incompatibility
Field incompatibility can still occur
Slide46Adjuvantspurchased additives to add to tank mix or added during formulation process
Wetting agents
SpreadersEmulsifiers
Stickers/Extenders
Buffers
Compatibility agents
Defoaming
agents
Colorants/dyes
Safeners
Thickeners
Surfactants - group
Others
Important: Read the pesticide label for recommendations for the use of an adjuvant.
Slide47Acknowledgements
The slides were assembled from free downloadable web sources,
PPT, books, etc. The material used in this presentation is only
for discussion in the classroom. All the
sources are highly acknowledged.
Thanks!!!