how fisheries contribute to the lives of the poor Tim Daw Stockholm Resilience Centre timdawsuse Beatrice Crona Tomas Chaigneau William Cheung Christopher Cheupe Sarah Coulthard Christina Hicks ID: 547312
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Slide1
Beyond landings:
how fisheries contribute to the lives of the poor
?
Tim Daw, Stockholm Resilience Centre,
tim.daw@su.se
Beatrice Crona, Tomas Chaigneau, William Cheung, Christopher Cheupe, Sarah Coulthard, Christina Hicks, Fraser Januchowski-Hartley, Vera Julien, Tim McClanahan, Johnstone Omukoto, Bjorn Schulte-Herbruggen, Matilda Thyresson, Colette Wabnitz, Xueying Yin
ESPA Science symposiumNairobi, 17-18th November 2016
www.espa-spaces.org
Slide2
Fisheries
Marine ecosystems & fish stocks
WellbeingSlide3
How have fisheries been understood
Dominant disciplines perceive fisheries in terms of:
Ecological impact (marine conservation)
Landings (fisheries science)
Profits (fisheries economics)Some less well examined areas:Access and who benefits (political ecology)How it contributes to people’s multidimensional wellbeingAn ESPA lens on fisheries – understanding how fisheries convert aquatic natural capital into wellbeing…Slide4
Domains of wellbeing
Goods & services
% of maximum importance score
across 16 focus groups
(all sites and gender)
Importance of fisheriesfor multidimensional wellbeing…Slide5
Marine ecosystems & fish stocks
Wellbeing
Fish
production
Share
Fish landings
State of
Ecosystems
What is
produced
by nature
What people
get
from nature
What it’s
worth
Who
benefits
How it
makes people’s
lives better
Ecol. Dynamics
Access
Human inputs
Valorisation
Needs, gaps & aspirations
Values
The SPACES conceptual framework – how are ecosystems actually contributing?…Slide6
Sites
Peri
urban to remote rural
More or less developed fisheries
Variation in types and extents of habitatsSlide7
Broad patterns of stocks, catches, market connection, livelihoods and fish consumption
Fishery characteristics
Social characteristics
Market Slide8
Marine ecosystems & fish stocks
Wellbeing
Fish
production
Share
Fish landings
State of
Ecosystems
What is
produced
by nature
What people
get
from nature
Ecol. Dynamics
Access
Human inputs
Valorisation
Needs, gaps & aspirations
ValuesSlide9
Participatory
system
mapping
Kenyan
Case
study
Ecological
Modeling
Daw et al 2015
PNAS,
Omukoto
et al In prep,
ESPA P-
mowtick
project framework grantSlide10
Ecopath
modelling of Stocks, flows, human inputs and goods in the Mombasa fishery…
Size of bubble indicates effort
Different responses are related to scenarios of effort changes by different gears…Slide11
Marine ecosystems & fish stocks
Wellbeing
Fish
production
Share
Fish landings
What people
get
from nature
What it’s
worth
Ecol. Dynamics
Access
Human inputs
Valorisation
Needs, gaps & aspirations
ValuesSlide12
Valorisation
Valorisation affecting income
Prices of fish vary by linkages to major markets
Resulting in highest earnings by fishers in most degraded sites (Pemba, Mombasa)
Cultural context affecting the value of octopus fishing for respect“ The tentacles can kill so this person needs to be courageous”. “You must be really brave because only the men do it”.Q: Do you catch it with spears or what? A: Just my hands, I don’t use anything? Q: Is it not risky? A: No, it’s risky when the octopus is in the hole. But when they come out, it’s not a bad thing, as if it just sticks to you, you can take it off without a lot of suffering. Slide13
Marine ecosystems & fish stocks
Wellbeing
Fish
production
Share
Fish landings
State of
Ecosystems
What is
produced
by nature
What people
get
from nature
What it’s
worth
Who
benefits
How it
makes people’s
lives better
Ecol. Dynamics
Access
Human inputs
Valorisation
Needs, gaps & aspirations
ValuesSlide14
Accounting for site differences, f
ishing households and fish-trading households
more likely to have consumed fishAccess and share – Fish as food, role of site and occupation
From Vivika
Makela UG thesis (2016)Slide15
Independent fishers
Employ-
ed
fisher surplus
Auction
ConsumersEmployed fishersFish shops in MombasaMixed Reef Fish Value Chain: Vangasmall-scale male traders
Large-scale traders
S
mall-scale female traders Slide16
16
Access and share – Income from fish trade in two
kenyan
sites
Kongowea
UrbanVangaRuralKaskasi (calm season)
Fishers 81%
9
%
T
raders
Traders
10%
Fishers 71%
9
%
Traders, large
Traders,
sm
18%
Traders,
sm
Fishers
FishersSlide17
Marine ecosystems & fish stocks
Wellbeing
Fish
production
Share
Fish landings
State of
Ecosystems
What is
produced
by nature
What people
get
from nature
What it’s
worth
Who
benefits
How it
makes people’s
lives better
Ecol. Dynamics
Access
Human inputs
Valorisation
Needs, gaps & aspirations
ValueSlide18
Who of these value chain actors are poor?
(in
terms of
household assets
)Poverty indicators (based on household assets) Kongowea
Vanga %HMLHMLFishers
23
61
16
13
50
37
Traders
Sm scale (F)
4
53
43
4
24
72
Sm scale (M)
44
0
56
0
36
64
Large
scale (M)
*
*
*
100
0
0
Rural poorer than urban, particularly small-scale trader (male &female) (but also fishers)
Women traders under-represented in
h
igh assets category
Large
traders all fall in the
high
assets
categorySlide19
Domains of wellbeing
Goods & services
How does fish actually affect these domains of wellbeing?Slide20
Income is important but….
“
we are proud that we do not go out to source for funds. Money comes here to us. When I am hungry, I just rush to the ocean , get 2kg of fish and come back. The fish traders are here for the fish. So you do not have to hustle to look for money, it just follows us here.”
fishermen
Kibuyubi near shimoni Central role of income…Slide21
Relationship between fishery income and poverty
People who are ‘poor’ according to
Assets
Satisfaction
Basic needs
….are more env dependentSchulte Herbruggen et al (in prep)But the income poor are LESS environmentally dependent….Slide22
Conclusions
The ecological relationship between stock and flow presents challenges and tradeoffs
Fisheries
provide different
benefits for multidimensional wellbeingIncome is important and tied with other benefits but not the only valueThe value of each benefit, who can access it and it meets people’s needs and aspirations affected by social and ecological context, and governance.Recovering stocks, increasing landings, value-addition, all individually worthwhile, can’t realise the best contribution of fisheries to the poor