Green Budget Europe Event Dr Aonghus McNabola School of Engineering Trinity College Dublin 15 th Sept 2016 Diesel Emissions Air Pollution amp Climate Change What do we mean by air pollution ID: 538535
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Slide1
Diesel Vehicle Emissions, Air Pollution & Climate Change
Green Budget Europe Event
Dr. Aonghus McNabola
School of Engineering
Trinity College Dublin
15
th
Sept 2016Slide2
Diesel Emissions, Air Pollution & Climate Change
What do we mean by ‘air pollution’ ?
GHGs vs human health or environmental impacts
Why is there a nexus between air pollution policy and climate change policy ?
Why are we concerned about diesel vehicles in particular ?Slide3
Air Pollution
Environmental Pressures
Air pollution is a significant threat to public health worldwide.
Air pollution is ranked as the 8
th
most important risk factor in premature death by the WHO. Most problematic pollutants in Ireland are particulate matter (PM2.5 & PM10) and NOx
.
Dominant particulate
m
atter sources in Ireland include: sea salt, petrol & diesel vehicles, biomass burning, secondary nitrate & sulphate, industrial sources, crustal sources.
Diesel exhaust has been declared a probable carcinogen to humans and has well established links to premature cardiovascular-related deaths
94% of diesel particles are known to be in the more toxic PM
2.5
size fractionSlide4
Air Pollution
Particulate Matter
Particulate matter is very small solid or liquid particles suspended in the air we breath
Damaging to heart health
Europe wide problem
Considered more toxic with decreasing diameter of particlesComposed of a variety of compounds depending on the sourceSlide5
Air Pollution Policy & Climate Change Policy
CO
2
vs the rest…
Integration of air pollution and climate change policy a global problem
Some climate change policy has positive impacts on air pollution and vice versa.Some climate change policy has negative impacts on air pollution and vice versa.Known examples:Atmospheric Aerosols (particulate matter)
Air tightness in new buildings
Dieselisation of vehicle fleetsSlide6
Incentivisation
of Diesel Vehicles
Irish context
Changes to Irish road tax structure in 2008 was predicted to result in the
incentivisation
of smaller engined new-vehicle purchases and a shift from petrol to diesel Policy designed to reduce CO2 emissions from the sector and has been effective.However the impact of the dieselisation of the fleet on human health is a major concern, for two reasons:
Diesel vehicles emit much more PM
2.5
and NO
x
than Petrol
We already had a problem with these two pollutants in parts of Ireland
The EPA national emissions inventory for 2013 showed that the private diesel passenger car is now the single largest contributor to road transport emissions of CO
2
and PM.Slide7
Incentivisation
of Diesel Vehicles
EPA Road Transport Emissions Inventory
Recession & New Tax StructureSlide8
Incentivisation
of Diesel Vehicles
The Irish Vehicle Fleet
Distribution of vehicle types in Irish Vehicle fleet in 2014, dominated by EURO 3 & 4 standard (>43%).
EURO Class
%
Conventional
0.10%
PC Euro 1
0.60%
PC Euro 2
15.20%
PC Euro 3
28.20%
PC Euro 4
37.70%
PC Euro 5
18.20%
PC Euro 6
0.00%
Irish problem comprises
incentivisation
of new diesel vehicle purchases & lower fuel tax (incentive in second-hand market)Slide9
Incentivisation
of Diesel Vehicles
The Irish Vehicle Fleet – Petrol vs Diesel (2014)
Petrol Diesel
%
EF for PM
2.5
(g/km)
0.03%
0.1875
0.20%
0.0797
4.36%
0.0559
17.92%
0.0457
43.55%
0.0422
33.94%
0.0103
0.00%
EURO Class
%
EF for
PM
2.5
(g/km)
Conventional
0.11%
0.0100
PC Euro 1
0.85%
0.0100
PC Euro 2
22.48%
0.0100
PC Euro 3
35.19%
0.0088
PC Euro 4
33.80%
0.0088
PC Euro 5
7.58%
0.0090
PC Euro 6
0.00%Slide10
Incentivisation
of Diesel Vehicles
Petrol vs Diesel
Difference between petrol and diesel particle emissions in newer vehicles decreasing but still very significant.
Petrol emits higher amounts of other pollutant types than diesel e.g. benzene
Emissions from both fuel types are harmful but have differing quantities of important pollutant types and differing health impacts.We have had a problem with PM
2.5
and NO
X
for many years, incentivising diesel makes this worseSlide11
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the EPA for funding this research and the previous projects on which it buildsSlide12
Thank You