A Basic Introduction to Aerodynamics The Four Forces of Flight The four forces act on the airplane in flight and also work against each other The Four Forces of Flight The four forces act on the airplane in flight and also work against each other ID: 161356
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Slide1
Fundamentals of Flight
A Basic Introduction to AerodynamicsSlide2
The Four Forces of Flight
The four forces act on the airplane in flight and also work against each other.Slide3
The Four Forces of Flight
The four forces act on the airplane in flight and also work against each other.Slide4Slide5
Weight counteracts lift.
The earth’s gravity pulls down on objects and gives them weight.Slide6
What’s it take to create lift?
Air and motion.
How do we explain lift?
Newton’s Laws of Motion and Bernoulli’s Principal are used to explain lift.Slide7
Newton’s Second Law: force causes a change in velocity which in turn generates another force.
Newton’s Third Law: net flow of air is turned down resulting in an ‘equal and opposite’ upward force.Slide8
Newton’s Third Law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.Slide9
Venturi Tube
Bernouli’s first practical use of his theorem
Where are venturi tubes used today?Slide10
Hold two sheets of paper together, as shown here, and blow between them. No matter how hard you blow, you cannot push them more than a little bit apart!Slide11
Bernoulli’s Theory in Action
Air speeds up in the constricted space between the car & truck creating a low-pressure area. Higher pressure on the other outside pushes them together.Slide12
What is a wing?
A wing is really just half a venturi tube.Slide13
A fluid (and air acts like a fluid) speeds up as it moves through a constricted space
Bernoulli’s Principle states that, as air speeds up, its pressure goes down.Slide14Slide15
Bernoulli's Principle: slower moving air below the wing creates greater pressure and pushes up.Slide16
Bernoulli’s Principle: Air moving over the wing moves faster than the air below. Faster-moving air above exerts less pressure on the wing than the slower-moving air below. The result is an upward push on the wing--lift!
Slide17
Bernoulli’s Principal: pressure variation around the wing results in a net aerodynamic pushing up.Slide18
http://www.grc/nasa.gov/WWW/Wright/airplane/shape.htmlSlide19
A wing creates lift due to a combination of Bernoulli’s Principal & Newton’s Third LawSlide20
Interactive Wright 1901 Wind Tunnel
Interactive Wright 1901 Wind TunnelSlide21
Internal ribs define the wings shape
Wing ShapeSlide22Slide23Slide24
This US Navy Carrier Jet has a very small wing, how can it fly?
Can you see the airfoil?
Why is the wing small?
What other aerodynamic devices can you see?Slide25
How can an airplane fly upside down?Slide26
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/Wright/airplane/incline.htmlSlide27
Pitch Around the Lateral AxisSlide28
The
ELEVATOR
controls
PITCH
. On the horizontal tail surface, the elevator tilts up or down, decreasing or increasing lift on the tail. This tilts the nose of the airplane up and down.
Elevator Controls PitchSlide29
Roll Around Longitudinal AxisSlide30
Ailerons Control Roll
The
AILERONS
control
ROLL
. On the outer rear edge of each wing, the two ailerons move in opposite directions, up and down, decreasing lift on one wing while increasing it on the other. This causes the airplane to roll to the left or right. Slide31
Yaw Around the vertical AxisSlide32
The
RUDDER
controls
YAW
. On the vertical tail fin, the rudder swivels from side to side, pushing the tail in a left or right direction. A pilot usually uses the rudder along with the ailerons to turn the airplane.
Rudder Controls YawSlide33
Vectors: Two Kinds in Aviation
Vectors to final approach – instructions to a pilot to steer a specific course “Turn left heading 270, vectors to final approach course Grand Junction.”
A physics term to define magnitude and direction.Slide34
Vectors
A physics term to define magnitude and direction.
Direction:
045
Magnitude:
20
20
45
o
What?Slide35
Vectors
20 What Units?
Some unit of distance, force, acceleration, time, etc.Slide36
VectorsSlide37
VectorsSlide38
Vectors
What good are they? Or, “I was told there would be
No Math
!”They help us find out what happens!
Adding Vectors together =
ResultantSlide39
Vectors
Therefore, any
“vector”
can be “analyzed” or broken down into
horizontal
and
vertical
components
LiftSlide40
Vectors: “The MATH”
Pythagorean
Properties of right trianglesSlide41
Which of these airplanes will speed up?
Which will slow down?Slide42Slide43
Drag is the force of resistance an aircraft ‘feels’ as it moves through the air.Slide44Slide45
For an airplane to speed up while flying, thrust must be greater than drag.
For an airplane to take off, lift must be greater than weight.Slide46
Engines (either jet or propeller) typically provide the thrust for aircraft. When you fly a paper airplane, you generate the thrust.Slide47
A propeller is a spinning wing that generates lift forward.Slide48Slide49
What will happen when the fire-fighting plane drops its load of water?Slide50
AIRPLANE PARTSSlide51Slide52
Airplane Parts