Introduction to Art Chapter 13 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Introduction to Art

Chapter 13

Early

Christian, byzantine,

Islamic PeriodSlide2

REVIEW

Read pages 275-311

46 questions including vocabulary

Studio ArtSlide3

Beginning Blog

Imagine that the United States

ws

planning to adopt an official state religion. How would such a development affect the kinds of art the government would sponsor or even allow?Slide4

Historical

Timeline—Unit 5 (includes the Early Christian and Byzantine Art

Roman Empire legalized Christianity 313AD

Plans for the Vatican Palace begin in Rome

Muhammad, prophet of Islam, born in Mecca (A.D. 570)

Beowulf,

the Anglo-Saxon epic poem is written

slam spreads throughout Northern Africa

Charlemagne becomes the first Holy Roman Emperor

Charlemagne dies (814

)

Charlemagne dies (814

)

Feudalism emerges in Western Europe

Crusades begin in Europe (1095)

Pilgrimages

to Jerusalem begin

Pointed arch and flying buttress developed by French architects

King John of England signs the Magna Carta (1215)

Pointed arch and flying buttress developed by French architects

King John of England signs the Magna Carta (1215)

Dante completes

The Divine Comedy

(1321)

The Plague (Black Death) kills one-third of England’s population (1349)

Limbourg

Brothers produce a luxurious

Book of (p. 343) Hours

for the Duke of Berry (1413–1415)

Hundred Years’ War between England and France (1337–1453) Slide5

In quest of salvation

Remember: (Prior to examining the art of Asia, Africa, the Americas we left off with the art of ROME.

Prior to the fall of Rome, the Christians were persecuted because they did not worship the Emperor

While persecuted, they had to go “underground” for their religious service in the catacombs or underground passageways.

With the rise of King

Constinenople

, Christianity became “legal” and Christians could practice their faith.

How Rome Fell.Slide6

Questions to ask and answer

D

o you know why early Christians used art to express their religion? Have you ever seen a mosaic? What do you know about the Moors? The Roman Empire began to decline in the latter part of the second century.

The Christian Church gained power in the West. In the East, the Roman Empire became the Byzantine Empire. Christians, Muslims, and Jews

developed

a rich culture in which the arts flourished. Slide7

Catacombs

For many years, the Christian religion was not legal throughout the Roman Empire, resulting in much hardship and persecution for its many followers. Finally, in A.D. 313, Christianity was made legal when the emperor Constantine signed the Edict of Milan. Pictures with hidden Christian meanings were being painted long before that time, however.

Many of those early paintings were made on the stone walls of narrow underground passageways. When persecuted by Roman emperors, the Christians dug

catacombs,

or

underground passageways,

as places to hold religious services and bury their dead. In time, the catacombs grew into a vast maze of tunnels. A painting found on a catacomb ceiling

(Figure 13.3)

in Rome tells a great deal about the early Christians’ outlook on life and offers insights into the characteristics and purpose of their art. Slide8

M

ore than 1,650 years ago, an unknown Christian artist completed a painting on the rough ceiling of a gallery in one of the catacombs. The artist who painted on that rough catacomb wall borrowed heavily from art forms seen all over Rome, but these forms were given new Christian meanings. Slide9

BASILICAS

Not long after the catacomb painting was completed, the status of Christians

began to

improve. Christianity had spread rapidly across the entire Roman Empire,

and the

emperor Constantine finally granted Christians the freedom to practice their faith

openly

.

A

new kind of building was needed for the large numbers of worshipers. Again, the Christians borrowed from the Romans. Christian builders selected the basilica as their model. This was the long, spacious building that the Romans had used for their public meeting halls.

Christian churches were intended as retreats from the real world, places where worshipers could take part in a deeply

spiritual

event. The exterior of these

churches was

quite

plain

,

especially when compared to classical temples. The later addition of a campanile, or bell tower, did little to change the outer simplicity of these early churches. In contrast to the plain exterior, the inside of the church was designed for dramatic .

Sant

́

Apollinare

in

Classe

(interior, looking toward the apse). Ravenna, Italy.

534 AD

Slide10

MOSAICS

When eyes

strayed from

the altar, they

rose to view

walls richly

decorated with

mosaics.

A

mosaic

is

a decoration made with small pieces of glass and stone set in cement.

Christian

artists placed mosaics on walls where light from windows and candles caused them to flicker and glow mysteriously.

This

may be one of the reasons why early Christian churches came to be known as “Houses of Mystery.”

The Virgin and Child, 10

th

century CE, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, Mosaic.Slide11

Byzantine art

Byzantine art includes work created from the fourth century to the fifteenth century and encompassing parts of the Italian peninsula, the eastern edge of the Slavic world, the Middle East, and North Africa. So what is Byzantine art, and what do we mean when we use this term?Slide12

Periods of byzantine art

Early Byzantine (c. 330–750)

Middle Byzantine (c. 850–1204)

Late Byzantine (c. 1261–1453)Slide13

Early byzantine art 330-750

Constantine adopted Christianity

Moves capital from Rome to Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul)

Christianity flourished and gradually supplants the Greco-Roman gods.

This religious shift dramatically affects the art created across the empire.

Earliest Christina churches are built during this period including the

Hagia

Sophia

The interior of the church were mosaics.

Mosaics are small pieces of glass and stone set in cementSlide14

Mosaics

Virgin (

Theotokos

) and Child between Saints Theodore and George

, sixth or early seventh century, encaustic on wood, 2' 3" x 1' 7 3/8"

(St. Catherine's Monastery, Sinai, Egypt)Slide15

Mosaics

Similarly, mosaics, such as those within the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna, sought to evoke the heavenly realm.

In

this work, ethereal figures seem to float against a gold background that is representative of no identifiable earthly space.

By

placing these figures in a spiritual world, the mosaics gave worshippers some access to that world as well.

At

the same time, there are real-world political messages affirming the power of the rulers in these mosaics. In this sense, art of the Byzantine Empire continued some of the traditions of Roman art.Slide16

Byzanatine versus Roman Art

Byzantine art differs from the art of the Romans in that it is interested in depicting that which we cannot see—the intangible world of Heaven and the spiritual. Thus, the Greco-Roman interest in depth and naturalism is replaced by an interest in flatness and mystery.Slide17
Slide18

Middle Byzantine period: 850AM-1204AD

The Middle Byzantine period followed a period of crisis for the arts called the Iconoclastic Controversy, when the use of religious images was hotly contested.

Iconoclasts

(those who worried that the use of images was idolatrous), destroyed images, leaving few surviving images from the Early Byzantine period.

Fortunately

for art history, those in favor of images won the fight and hundreds of years of Byzantine artistic production followed.Slide19

Middle Byzantine Period: Churches

Middle Byzantine period, with a focus on building churches and decorating their interiors.

There

were some significant changes in the empire, however, that brought about some change in the arts.

First

, the influence of the empire spread into the Slavic world with the Russian adoption of Orthodox Christianity in the tenth century. Byzantine art was therefore given new life in the Slavic lands.Slide20

Late byzantine: 1261-1453

Between 1204 and 1261, the Byzantine Empire suffered another crisis: the Latin Occupation.

Crusaders

from Western Europe invaded and captured Constantinople in 1204, temporarily toppling the empire in an attempt to bring the eastern empire back into the fold of western Christendom. (By this point Christianity had divided into two distinct camps: eastern [Orthodox] Christianity in the Byzantine Empire and western [Latin] Christianity in the European west.) Slide21

Late Byzantine

By 1261 the Byzantine Empire was free of its western occupiers and stood as an independent empire once again, albeit markedly weakened.

The

breadth of the empire had shrunk, and so had its power. Nevertheless Byzantium survived until the Ottomans took Constantinople in 1453.

In

spite of this period of diminished wealth and stability, the arts continued to flourish in the Late Byzantine period, much as it had before.Slide22

Late byzantine

Although Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453—bringing about the end of the Byzantine Empire—Byzantine art and culture continued to live on in its far-reaching outposts, as well as in Greece, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire, where it had flourished for so long.

The

Russian Empire, which was first starting to emerge around the time Constantinople fell, carried on as the heir of Byzantium, with churches and icons created in a distinct “Russo-Byzantine” style(left).

Similarly

, in Italy, when the Renaissance was first emerging, it borrowed heavily from the traditions of Byzantium. Cimabue’s 

Madonna Enthroned

 of 1280–1290 is one of the earliest examples of the Renaissance interest in space and depth in panel painting. But the painting relies on Byzantine conventions and is altogether indebted to the arts of Byzantium.

Dr. Ellen HurstSlide23

The Decline of Byzantine

Khan AcademySlide24

Islamic art

I

n the seventh century A.D., a religion known as Islam (which means “followers of God’s will”) emerged in the Middle East. The

prophet of Islam was an Arab merchant named Muhammad, who was born in Mecca around A.D. 570.

Muhammad received personal revelations that forced him to challenge the superstitions of the Arabs, who worshiped many different idols.

Following years of meditation, Muhammad heard a divine call to be the last of the prophets and a teacher for all. He taught that there is only one god, Allah (in Arabic, “the God”), whose will should be followed in order

for people to live just and responsible lives.

Muhammad was opposed by those who wished to preserve established tribal and religious

customs

.

After Muhammad’s death, messages he received from God were assembled into the

Koran

(

kuh

-RAN), or Qur’an,

the holy scripture of Islam.

For Muslims, the Koran is the final authority in matters of faith. It also offers rules to guide the daily lives of Muslims.

Leaf from Qur’an, in

Maghribi

script. Islamic. North African. C 1300. Ink, colors, gold on parchment, 21” x 22”

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NYSlide25

MOSQUE

During the early centuries of Islamic

his-tory

, the center of the Muslim world was an area known as the Fertile Crescent, composed of parts of present-day Iraq, Syria, and Palestine.

Included

among these was the

mosque,

or

Muslim place of worship.

The interiors of Islamic mosques are unlike the interiors of Christian churches. Christian artists created religious images as a way of teaching the religion to people who

could not

read.

Islamic

artists avoided portraying living creatures in mosques and other

religious

buildings, because they did not

want in

any way to diminish the greatness of God’s creative power by portraying such forms. Instead, these artists decorated mosques and other religious structures with ornate calligraphy, geometric patterns, and stylized plants and flowers.

Spiral Minaret. Mosque of Al-

Mutawakkil

. Samarra, Iraq. 848-52 AD.Slide26

Hagia

SophiaSlide27

Quiz: NoneSlide28

Ending Blog

What is the one thing you learned in this presentation that you didn’t know before?Slide29

Next Week

The Earl Medieval Period, pgs. 310 to the Art of Emerging Europe 351

Questions/Vocabulary= 56