PART 1 INTRODUCTION Parts of speech What is a part of speech Traditional grammar classifies words based on eight parts of speech the verb the noun the pronoun the adjective ID: 204434
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Slide1
MORPHOLOGYSlide2
PART 1: INTRODUCTIONSlide3
Parts of
speech
What is a
part of speech
?
Traditional grammar classifies words based on eight parts of speech: the
verb
, the
noun
, the
pronoun
, the
adjective
, the
adverb
, the
preposition
, the
conjunction
, and the
interjection
. Each part of speech explains not what the word is, but how the word is used.
“They heard high pitched
cries
in the middle of the night.”
In this sentence, "cries" is a noun acting as the direct object of the verb "heard."
“The baby
cries
all night long and all day long.”
But here "cries" is a verb that describes the actions of the subject of the sentence, the baby.Slide4
The w
ord(s)
What is a word? How do we recognize one when we see one?
What is the difference between spoken word and written word
?
Humans describe their world by naming objects and actions. They also use words to modify those objects and actions.
Words and syntax (p. 175) – The hungry linguist…
Content word vs. function word (p. 176-77)
Content words carry the main meaning in a sentence (open-class words)
Function words provide grammatical connection between content words (closed-class words)Slide5
The
morpheme
Meaningful parts that make up a word
Free (stand alone) vs. Bound morpheme (attached to, affix)
Tree vs. Trees
Bound morphemes in English are present either as prefixes or suffixes but not as infixes
Inflectional vs. derivational morphemes
Inflectional: add to a word without changing the part of speech, only exist as suffix in English (p. 167).
Bottle, bottles/ Big, bigger
Derivational: change meaning, exist as either prefix or suffix
Tie, untie/ work, workerSlide6
More on inflection and derivation
Derivational
prefixes
carry meaning, and are thus easier to define.
Trans
-form
Derivational
suffixes
do not carry semantic meaning and are harder to define.
Trans-form-
er
/
Derivational and inflectional suffixes can exist in the same word but the inflectional suffix comes last.
Workers, considerationsSlide7
Types of languages: Morphologically speaking
Language will likely have attributes from a variety of these categories.
Analytic:
One morpheme per word (Chinese)
Synthetic:
Multiple morphemes can make up one word (
escribiéndomelo
)
Agglutinative:
Synthetic language with no variation in morphemes (Korean, German?)
Polysynthetic:
Super- synthetic, Mohawk:
Washakotya'tawitsherahetkvhta'se
means "He ruined her dress"Slide8
Word formations
English bound morphemes
Choose some morphemes and search for them in an online text. Try to identify the following for each morpheme/word you find.
Base
word
(
root
)
Part of speech (category change)
Meaning changeSlide9
How
can
this
help
?
How
can a
study
of
morphology
help
you
as
an
educator
? (TPS)Slide10
Part 2Slide11
Structural analysis
Prefix- carries semantic weight
Suffix-
carries grammatical
weight
Implication: Invite students to think morphologically when they encounter a new word. Instead of thinking immediately of a dictionary, encourage an analysis of the word parts first.
This level of investigation can be frustrating for students. Employ structural analysis as an additional technique to encourage linguistic curiosity in students but it should not replace other strategies like reading for context. Slide12
Little words big words
Sometimes, little words found in big words are separate morphemes-
Necktie
Sometime they’re not
Hotel/mosquito
Implication: Make sure that students know that using the little/big word system is not a 100% dependable systemSlide13
Schema theory and reading
Schema- the mental file system that organizes information in the brain
Write down the first 5 things that come to mind when you see the following word:
Sand
Home
Implication: Helping students to be aware of their own schemas can lead to an increased reading comprehension. Activating background knowledge.Slide14
Vocabulary
Vocabulary size as evidence for learning vs. acquisition hypothesis (p. 200)
Vocabulary learning through
A Clockwork Orange
– exposure to text
What does it mean to
know
a word? Having phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic knowledge of the word.Slide15
Part 3Slide16
Conversational vs. academic
“Many students who appear to speak and understand English quite well still struggle in reading academic texts or passing standardized assessments.”
Academic
English vocabulary is
made up of words borrowed mostly from Latin and Greek. Conversational English vocabulary comes form a variety of borrowings.