Plan of a typical peripteral temple - PowerPoint Presentation

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Plan of a typical peripteral temple

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Peripteral Greek TempleSlide2
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Cella(naos)-room inside temple that housed the cult statue of deity

Pronaos-front porch that came before the cella, openOpisthodomos-rear porch, decorative, for symmetry purposesAnta-extended walls coming off the Pronaos and Opisthodomos/have columns attachedSlide5

Colonnade options for peripteral templeDesign of temple could be….Prostyle-colonnade across front of templeAmphiprostyle-colonnade across front and back of templePeristyle-colonnade across all 4 sides of templeAlso could choose from type of colonnade rows:

Peripteral-Single rows of columnsDipteral-Double rows of columns (usually more elaborate temples)Slide6

What is an order?

Orders included (from bottom):Stepped platform-baseColonnade-columnsEntablature-Everything above the columnsStyle of the above 3 units on exterior of temple was known as an orderTwo main types of orders-Doric and IonicSlide7

Notice…What

basic architectural system is being used?

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Compare Doric and Ionic OrdersSlide8

Doric Order

Massive, plainEdges of column flutes come out to pointSmall capitalDecorative sculpture in metope and pedimentSlide9

Ionic Order

Light, airy, ornamental-sculpture friendlyEntire frieze for decorative sculptureSometimes replaced columns with caryatids(female figures)Note-atlantids were male figures used as columnsSlide10

Greek Pediments…. The Beginning

Origins of Greek architectural sculpture…. Lion Gates!Slide11

West Pediment of the Temple of Artemis

Archaic600 BCESlide12

Temple of Artemis-one of earliest Doric peripteral temples in Greece

2 Pediments filled with huge relief sculpturessculptures trying to escape architectural confinesHeads projecting out, brightly paintedGorgon, sister of MedusaHeraldic CompositionArchaic pinwheel pose-bent arms and legs, represents motionSlide13

Battle of the Greeks and Giants,

Siphnian Treasury at DelphiArchaic 530 BCESlide14
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Greatest Archaic period Ionic treasury exampleTreasury-Small, separate building to house valuables offered to deity

ORSmaller room inside temple (sometimes the opisthodomos) used for same purposeHow is it Ionic?CaryatidsContinuous frieze of relief sculpture around buildingGigantomachy-battle of gods and giantsApollo and Artemis pursue fleeing giantSlide16

Dying Warrior, West Pediment of the Temple of

AphaiaArchaic500 BCESlide17

Pediment statue for local goddess’ temple

Torso is rigidly frontal, awkward poseLooks out at the spectator like a mannequin on display and not as a thinking and feeling human being. Archaic smile-inappropriateSlide18

Dying warrior, East Pediment of the Temple of Aphaia

Archaic480 BCESlide19

Created about 20 years later than the west pediment Notice the differences.

Posture is more natural. He is reacting to his wound as a human would. He is concerned with his pain, not the spectator. Still an archaic smile but toned down, transitioning to Early Classical periodSlide20

Can you

recognize Archaic sculpture?Slide21

Early Classical Period

Measured from historical defeat of Persians by Greeks in 480Early Classical AKA Severe Style Drapery is simpler and more severeEyelids and chins are heavierSerious, thoughtful expressionsNo archaic smileInterest in motionContrappostoAthletic stancesSlide22

Kritios Boy

Early Classical480 BCESlide23

One of most important works of Greek sculptureFirst time sculptor is really trying to portray how humans stand

Left straight leg bears the weight of his body, while the right leg is bent and relaxed. This weight shift (contrapposto or counterbalance) defines Classical styleMORE RELAXED and NATURALHead is turned very slightly to the right. Rules of frontality brokenSlide24

A calm, serene expression replaces the artificial archaic smile.Muscles are well defined.

Smooth flesh seems soft and natural. He is a youthful athlete, appears calm and confident. Greek quest for perfect form. Slide25

Riace Warriors

Early Classical460 BCESlide26

Transitional piece Lost wax bronze castings-process allowed for more flexibility and creativity in composition

Remarkably lifelike.Eyes-bone and glass paste. Silver teeth and copper eyelashes.Realistic contrapposto stance-naturalHair is still fairly flat but pose is very self-confidentSlide27

Zeus or Poseidon

Early Classical460 BCESlide28

Held a thunderbolt or a trident…unsure of who it is

Lost-waxSlide29

Myron's

Discobolos Early Classical450 BCESlide30

This is actually a Roman copy after a bronze original

Action pose, but Archaic influence with profile limbs and a nearly frontal chest.Expression on face doesn’t show the tension of the moment. Slide31

Charioteer

Early Classical, 470 BCSlide32

Commemorates victory of a chariot raceStands in an archaic pose, except for the turned head and feetPose is rigid and severe, but expression

is calm and shows self-controlThe cloth folds, muscles and facial features are more natural.Slide33

Classical Period aka High Classical

The Golden Age of GreeceSlide34

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)by Polykleitos

Classical450 BCESlide35

this work was embodiment of Classical period

. Polykleitos-Believed in proportion (accurate measurements) as the key to beauty. Wrote THE CANON.His name for this sculpture was “The Canon” because it represented his beliefs so perfectlySlide36

The Doryphorous is carefully and precisely proportioned. The statue

’s head is 1/7 of the figure’s height, and the distance across the shoulders is ¼ of the figure’s height. This figure once held a spear in his left hand and stands like the Kritios boy, although this stance is even more pronounced. Slide37

He has an

“S” motion to his contrapposto stance.There is a greater sense of the body’s underlying structure in this piece. veins in the arms. Knee caps. Rib cage. The hair is long and more 3DSlide38

The AcropolisSlide39

The Acropolis

Famous site in Athens built after Persian warLed by Pericles, Greek general and statesmanWanted to honor goddess Athena and the citizens of Athens (Athenians). Very bold and self-important ideaMade up of 4 buildings:ParthenonErechthionPropylaiaTemple of Athena NikeSlide40
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Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon

Classical450 BCESlide43

Phidias, Athena sculpture (inside Parthenon)

438 BCHigh ClassicalSlide44
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Temple to honor Athena and house her 38’ high ivory and gold cult statue made by Phidias

Known as “Athena Parthenos,” The VirginFaced east for sun to reflect off goldHolding statue of Nike (winged female “victory”) Chryselephantine- Fashioned of gold and ivoryUnofficially, was also used to honor the AtheniansAthenians made themselves the subject of cella frieze: The Panathenaic ProcessionSlide46

Realized Greek’s long quest to build a perfectly proportioned templeUsed formula to determine # of columns

Made of marble, fitted together without mortarRoof made of woodSlide47

Perfect but

Irregular!Doric temple with Ionic influencesOutside of temple was DoricInside had Ionic frieze that ran around outside of cella walls and 4 Ionic columns inside treasuryStylobate curves upward, Columns curve slightly inwardTo assist in optical illusion of perfectionOR to make it more dynamic looking- “architectural contrapposto”Slide48

Plan of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, with diagram of sculptural program (after Andrew Stewart), 447–432 BCE.Slide49

Pediments of the Parthenon

West Pediment-Contest between Poseidon and Athena

East Pediment-Birth of AthenaSlide50

ParthenonSlide51

Three Goddesses, East Pediment of the Parthenon

Classical430 BCESlide52

Sculptors

fully understood the mechanics of how muscles/bones beneath the flesh and garments move. The drapery seems like its wet, so the artist could strongly convey the body underneath.FYI: Goddesses- Hestia, Dione, and AphroditeSlide53

Horsemen on the Panathenaic Frieze

Classical440 BCESlide54

Ionic Frieze around cellaNarrative frieze that showed over 400 men and women/200 animals. Included horsemen, seated gods and goddesses, elders and maidens

Subject: Panathenaic Procession that took place every 4 years in AthensProcession that ended at Acropolis where a new peplos was placed on wooden statue of Athenarepresents that the Athenians judged themselves fit for inclusion in the Temple’s sculptural decorationSlide55

Figure 5-50 Details of the Panathenaic Festival procession frieze, from the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 447–438 BCE. Marble, 3

’ 6” high. Horsemen of north frieze (top), British Museum, London; seated gods and goddesses (Poseidon, Apollo, and Artemis) of east frieze (center), Acropolis Museum, Athens; and elders and maidens of east frieze (bottom), Louvre, Paris.

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Temple of Athena Nike (within the Acropolis) by Kallikrates

Classical, 420 BCESlide57
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Small amphiprostyle temple at front of Acropolis complex

First completely Ionic temple at AcropolisNote columns and friezeBest preserved sculpture is the relief of Nike Adjusting Her SandalSlide59

Nike Adjusting Her Sandal

Classical410 BCESlide60

Garments cling tightly to her body

Transparent drapery folds form an elegant patternHigh relief carving produces pockets of shadeAwkward pose made graceful by artistSlide61

Erechtheion, with Porch of Maidens

Classical420 BCESlide62

Caryatid from

ErechtheionSlide63

Opposite ParthenonErechtheion built on destroyed temple of Athena

Incorporated the “sacred ground”, caused the temple layout to be very unusualAsymmetrical Ionic temple with 6 Caryatids on side porch to support smaller architraveCaryatids-showed embodiment of High Classical PeriodRelaxed contrapposto poseSoft, clinging draperySerene expressionsSlide64

Propylaia

Classical437-432 BCSlide65

Entryway to AcropolisDifficult to make-steep slope

Mixed orders again, but still kept one type for exterior(Doric) and one for interior(Ionic)Pinakotheke (picture gallery)was the forerunner to modern day museum