32 AP European History University High School I The Conservative European Order The Dual Revolution FR Politics IR EconomicSocial Growth of industrial middle class Revitalized conservatism ID: 537466
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Slide1
Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism
3.2 – AP European History
University High SchoolSlide2
I. The Conservative European OrderSlide3
The Dual Revolution
FR = Politics, IR = Economic/Social
Growth of industrial middle class
Revitalized conservatism
Ideologies of change
liberalism, socialism, nationalism Slide4
The Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815)
A coalition of nations that rose against Napoleon; Re-established conservative order in Europe
Balance of Power
New Map of Europe
The Diplomats
Prince
Klemens
von Metternich
Robert Castlereagh
Charles TalleyrandTsar Alexander ISlide5Slide6
The Congress of Vienna (1814 – 1815)The ResultsCreation of the German ConfederationConsolidation of the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands Prussian control of the RhineAustrian control of Italian statesRussian and British gains
New AlliancesHoly AllianceQuadruple Alliance/Concert of EuropePrinciple of InterventionSlide7
19th Century Ideologies
Conservatism
Wanted return to pre-revolutionary Europe
Liberalism = Violence
Edmund Burke (1729 – 1797),
Reflections on the Revolution in France
Favored by traditional authoritiesSlide8
19th Century Ideologies
Liberalism
Supported representative gov’t, civil liberties, legal equality
Favored by middle class/bourgeoisie
Economic Liberalism
John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873),
On LibertySlide9
19th Century Ideologies Radicalism Civil and legal equality; expansion of voting rights (Republicanism)SocialismSupported by working class, intelligentsia
NationalismCommunity (nation-state) with common institutions, traditions, language, and customs Each nationality should have its own gov’tThreatened to upset existing political orderSlide10
Conservatism in Great Britain
1815 - Nobility dominated parliament
Whigs & Tories
Corn Laws of 1815
economic strife, political discontent
Peterloo Massacre, 1819Slide11
Restoration in France
Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824) restored to throne in 1814/1815
Opposed by liberals &
ultraroyalists
Charles X (r. 1824-1830) more conservative
Eventually accepted ministerial responsibilitySlide12
Repression in Central Europe (PR & A-H)
Metternich “chief Minister of Police in Europe”
Austria
empire w/ 11 ethnicities
Burschenschaften
Karlsbad Decrees (1819)
Zollverein Slide13
Russia: Autocracy of the Tsars
Rural population, autocratic ruler: Alexander I
Reactionary after 1815
Northern Union
secret society
Decembrist Revolt 1825
Revolt transformed
Nicolaus
I (r. 1825-1855) into a reactionary
Resistance towards Westernization/Industrialization Slide14
II. Age of Revolutions Slide15
Uprisings and Revolutions
Uprisings in Spain and Italy
Congress of Vienna established 9 states in Italy
Carbonari and Attempted Revolution
Ferdinand VIII restored as king of Spain in 1814
Broken promises, persecuted parliament
revolt!Slide16
Uprisings and Revolutions
Revolutions in the Americas
Haitian Revolution (1789 – 1804)
Creoles in Latin America began to crave political independence
Spanish South America
Brazil
Mexico
Abolitionist Movement
The Greek Revolt (1821 – 1830)Slide17
French Revolution of 1830 – July Revolution
Charles X and the July Ordinances
July Monarchy – Louis-Philippe
Favored upper middle class (bourgeoisie)
Worker unrest, sporadic rebellions – June Rebellion of 1832Slide18
Reform in Great Britain
1830 – Whigs in power
Reform Act of 1832
Poor Law of 1834
Repeal of the Corn Laws, 1846Slide19
Irish Potato Famine (1845 – 1849)
Politics in Ireland
Potatoes and Populations Growth
Starvation and DiasporaSlide20
The Revolutions of 1848
Yet Another French Revolution
Economic depression in 1846
Revolution in Feb. 1848
New provisional gov’t = Republic w/ liberal reforms
Election of moderate National Assembly in April 1848
June Days
Triggered revolutions in other parts of Europe Slide21
The Revolutions of 1848
Prussia and the Frankfurt Assembly
King Frederick William IV agreed to abolish censorship and work for a united GR
Kleindeutsch
vs.
Grossdeutsch
Other Problems
Upheaval in the Austrian Empire
Hungarian liberals demanded “commonwealth”
Divisions among nationalities
Austrian gov’t exploited divisions
sent military to crush rebellionsSlide22Slide23
The Revolutions of 1848
Revolts in the Italian States
Risorgimento
– Italian resurgence
1848 Uprisings
Intervention of AUS and FR
Why did they fail?
Divisions among rebels
Fear of universal male suffrageSlide24
III. The Age of Romanticism
The Death of
Saradanapalus
Eugene Delacroix
1827, 1844
LouvreSlide25
What is Romanticism?Cultural and artistic movement of 1st half 19th CReaction against 18th C Enlightenment & Classicism
Emphasis on intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as ways of knowing
The Massacre at ChiosEugene Delacroix1824Louvre MuseumSlide26
Characteristics of Romanticism Individualism
Wanderer above the Sea of FogCaspar David Friedrich1818Kunsthalle
HamburgSlide27
The Romantic HeroLord ByronSlide28
So We’ll Go No More A RovingSlide29
She Walks in Beauty
She walks in beauty, like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies;And all that’s best of dark and brightMeet in her aspect and her eyes;Thus mellowed to that tender lightWhich heaven to gaudy day denies
One shade the more, on ray the less,Had half impaired the nameless graceWhich waves in every raven tress,Or softly lightens o’er her face;Where thoughts serenely sweet express,How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.And on that cheek, an o’er that brow,So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,The smiles that win, the tints that glow,But tell of days in goodness spent,A mind at peace with all below,A heart whose love is innocent!Slide30
Glorification of NatureThe Slave Ship
J.M.W. Turner1840Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
The Sea of IceCaspar David Friedrich1823-1824Kunsthalle HamburgSlide31
The exotic, the occult, the gothic, and the macabre
Saturn Devouring His SonFrancisco Goyac. 1819 – 1823Prado Museum
The ColossusFrancisco Goya1808-1812Prado Museum Slide32
Fascination with History Houses of Parliament
1837-1860Slide33
The Lady of ShalottAnd down the river’s dim expanseLike some bold seer in a trance,Seeing all his own mischanceWith glassy countenance
Did she look to Camelot.And the closing of the dayShe loosed the chain, and down she lay;The broad stream bore her far awayThe Lady of ShalottAlfred, Lord Tennyson1832Slide34
NationalismLady Liberty Leading the PeopleEugene Delacroix, 1830
Louvre Museum
Greece on the Ruins of MissolonghiEugene Delacroix1826Museum of Fine Arts, BordeauxSlide35
Theodore Gericault (1791 – 1824)
The Raft of the MedusaTheodore Gericault1818-1819Louvre MuseumSlide36
Eugene Delacroix (1798 – 1863)
The Death of SaradanapalusEugene Delacroix1827, 1844LouvreSlide37
John Constable (1776 – 1837)
The Hay WainJohn Constable, 1821National Gallery LondonSlide38
JMW Turner (1775 – 1851)Rain, Steam, and Speed – The Great Western Railway
1844National Gallery, London Slide39
Caspar David Friedrich (1774 – 1780)Two Men Contemplating the Moon
, 1819The MetSlide40
Francisco Goya (1746 – 1828)The Third of May
1801Prado Museum, Madrid Slide41
Romanticism in Poetry & Literature
Poetry
Best embodiment of artistic characteristics of Romanticism
Flourished in Britain
William Wordsworth
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Lord Byron
Percy Bysshe Shelley
John Keats
William BlakeSlide42
I Wandered Lonely as a CloudI wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o’er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
William WordsworthSlide43
Romanticism in Poetry &
Literature
Literature
The Gothic NovelJane Eyre – Charlotte Bronte (1847)Wuthering Heights – Emily Bronte (1847)The Historical NovelThe Hunchback of Notre Dame - Victor Hugo (1831)Les Miserables – Victor Hugo (1862)The Three Musketeers – Alexander Dumas (1844)The Science-Fiction NovelFrankenstein – Mary Shelley (1817)Dracula
– Bramm Stoker (1897)The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde – Robert Louis Stevenson (1886)Slide44
Romanticism in Music
Romanticism realized most fully and permanently its goals of free expression and emotional intensity in music
Expansion to full orchestraGlorification/fame of the musicianLudwig van Beethoven (1770 – 1827)