APEL Course Premise Analyze nonfiction texts Analyze HOW a writer presents their message Discuss HOW a device affects a text on micro and macro levels Compose your writing with specific language varied abstractions ID: 777843
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Slide1
AP English Language
Basic Course Concepts
Slide2APEL Course Premise
Analyze nonfiction texts
Analyze
HOW
a writer presents their message
Discuss
HOW
a device affects a text on micro and macro levels
Compose your writing with specific language (varied abstractions)
Utilize mature academic writing in appropriate language registers
Slide3Rhetorical Triangle
Slide4Rhetorical Triangle
Slide5Rhetorical Triangle Analysis
The most basic method for analyzing a text.
As you read a text, identify its context, speaker, intended audience, message, and purpose.
Similar to author purpose statement: EPIE(D) + Audience + Content.
Different from author purpose statement because of context addition.
Slide6Context
The situation at hand
Everything exists within a context
It is acceptable to wear a swimsuit within the CONTEXT of going to the beach.
It is NOT acceptable to wear a swimsuit within the CONTEXT of going to a business meeting.
Every piece of writing exists within a certain context
Its truths are true because of the context they are in
Context
Context
Context
Context
Slide7Speaker
The nonfiction term for “narrator”
The speaker is the voice you hear when you read a text
The speaker is most often the writer, but not always (ex. a narrative section in a nonfiction text might have a different speaker)
What can you assume about them? (age, values, personality, education)
Speaker
Slide8Audience
The individual or group of people the writer had in mind while writing
Who the writer is writing for
Who the writer REALLY wants to read the text
But who is also listening in…?
Audience
Slide9Message
What are they saying?
Sum it up in one sentence
Usually
an argument/opinion
How do you know this is what they’re saying?
How are they saying it?
This corner of the triangle is where the majority of analysis exists.
Message
Slide10Purpose
WHY are they writing this text?
Author purpose statement: EPIE + Audience + Content
What are they looking to accomplish?
What do they want to have happen?
Purpose
Slide11Annotations
Slide12More than Highlights & Underlines
Highlighting doesn’t tell you anything
Underlining doesn’t tell you anything
Annotate so you don’t need to read the text again later
Annotate AS you read, not after
APEL exam gives no time to read twice
Slide13Marks & Notes
Marks
Circles
Boxes
Brackets
Arrows
Notes
Questions
Comments
Quotes
Slide14Marks
Don’t get too caught up in what they represent.
GENERALLY
…
Circle content-specific words
Circle words you don’t know the meaning of (question mark above it)
Circle names, dates
Slide15Marks, cont’d
Box important information
Box surprising information
Bracket the MOST IMPORTANT information (usually the message/argument)
Arrows connect ideas
Slide16Notes
Time to be judgmental – criticize what you’re reading
Do SOMETHING for each paragraph
Questions can be simple (e.g. “why?” “huh?”)
If you have a question, write it down
Comments can be as critical as you make them (e.g. “dumb idea”)
Quotes should be a running list of the quotes you could use later
Slide17PAPA Square
Slide18PAPA Square
Slide19PAPA What?!
Another note taking tool
A PAPA square organizes information you read for precis writing
Similar to rhetorical triangle but PAPA lacks context
Rhetorical Triangle
P: Persona (Speaker)
A: Argument (Message)
P: Purpose (Purpose)
A: Audience (Audience)
Slide20PAPA Questions
P: Persona: Who is the author and why are they credible? What do they have to gain?
A: Argument: What is the claim? Are generalizations supported?
P: Purpose: What does the author want to have happen?
A: Audience: Who is the intended audience? How does the author respond to their needs?
Slide21Rhetorical Triangle vs. PAPA Square
Rhetorical Triangle
PAPA Square
Context
Yes
Not explicitly
Rhetorical Devices
Not explicitly
Yes
Precis Help
No
YesGuided Questions
NoYesNote SpeedFast
Slow
Bottom Line: Use rhetorical triangle for quick notes, to check your basic understanding of a text; Use PAPA Square for precis writing or if you are
desperate
for guidance in analysis (try to avoid if possible; questions are too formulaic)
Slide22Precis Writing
Slide23Precis Purpose
Is a
READING
tool, NOT a writing tool
In depth way of showing
reading comprehension
Sophisticated form of a reading quiz
Is
NOT
an
essay writing techniqueDO NOT WRITE A PRECIS PARAGRAPH ON ANY ESSAY…
EVER.
Slide24Plug & Play
Take information from your PAPA square notes and plug into precis template
Sentence #1: Argument notes
Sentence #2: Rhetorical device notes
Sentence #3: Purpose notes
Sentence #4: Audience (and persona notes, if needed)
Follow the template
EXACTLY
as written.
Slide25Hayakawa’s Levels of Abstractions
Slide26S. I. Hayakawa
Japanese descent
Born in Canada in 1906
American Linguist
Linguist: someone who studies languages
Famous for his levels of abstractions, from his book
Language in Action
, published in 1939.
Slide27Abstractions
Things you can’t touch
Ideas, rather than concrete things
Remember abstract nouns in writing themes? (e.g. love, hate, fortune, adventure, etc.)
We think
and communicate in
various
DEGREES
of
abstraction
Slide28Levels of Abstractions
Level 4: Abstractions (Food)
Level 3: Noun Classes (Meat)
Level 2
: Noun Categories (Beef)
Level 1: Specific Nouns (Taco)
Slide29Time & Place
No one level of the ladder is better than the others
The best writers move up and down the ladder
Write concretely to support claims
Write abstractly to connect evidence
Move down the ladder: “For example,” data, stats, anecdotes
Move up the ladder: commentary, message, lesson, big picture
Slide30Language Registers
Slide31Registers
In music, the range of a note, tone and pitch
In language, appropriate use depending on rhetorical situation
Locker room language is not rhetorically appropriate in an interview
Slide325 Language Registers
Static
Formal
Consultative
Casual
Intimate
Slide33Static Register
Never changes
Frozen in time
Examples: Pledge of Allegiance, Lord’s Prayer, Miranda Rights
Slide34Formal Register
One-way communication
Commonly accepted format
Impersonal, not specific to any one person
Examples: Speeches, sermons, elected official pronouncements
Slide35Consultative Register
“Professional” register
Standard form of communication
Definite societal expectations
Inability to communicate at this level will limit academic and career success
Examples: communication with strangers, doctors, lawyers, teachers, police officers, employers
Slide36Casual Register
Informal
Used by peers and friends
“Group” language
Slang and vulgarity are normal
Must be a member of the group to engage in this register
Examples: Texts, emails, tweets, conversations between friends
Slide37Intimate Register
Private
Reserved for families
Romantic relationships
Special words and codes
Examples: Twins language, husband and wife, siblings, parents and children
Slide38Register Rules
Can
usually
move between adjacent registers without problems
Skipping a level or more, though, is inappropriate and offensive