Advanced Holding Patterns - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Advanced Holding Patterns

Christian Pezalla

ATP,

CFII

www.3pointaviation.comSlide2

What is holding a pattern?

Racetrack Shaped Pattern

Used to:

Hold aircraft during delays

Hold aircraft during inclement weather

Provide course reversal (procedure turn)

Provide default actions at clearance limit

Climb aircraft to required altitude

Handle aircraft in non-radar environmentSlide3

Hold Segments

Inbound Turn

Outbound Turn

Outbound Leg

Inbound LegSlide4

No-Wind Pattern (1 Min Legs)

1

Minute Inbound Leg

1

Minute Outbound Leg

1

Minute Outbound Turn

180 Degrees of heading Change

1

Minute Inbound Turn

180 Degrees of heading

ChangeSlide5

Lateral Wind Correction

Wind affects the path of the aircraft at all times, even while turning turns

A 1 minute pattern with no adjustment for wind requires 4 minutes to complete. 4 Minutes equals 1/15 of an hour

A 15kt wind will push the aircraft off course by an entire mile in the time required to complete one circuit

A 30kt wind will push the aircraft 2 miles off course unless correction are made for windSlide6

Lateral Wind Correction (Wrong)

Example 1

No outbound wind correction

Entire inbound leg used to correct

Aircraft is pushed during both turns and outbound legSlide7

Lateral Wind Correction (Wrong)

Example 2

O

utbound wind correction insufficient

Inbound leg correcting for wind but not returning to inbound course

Aircraft is pushed during both turns

Example 1

No outbound wind correction

Entire inbound leg used to correct

Aircraft is pushed during both turns and outbound legSlide8

Lateral Wind Correction (Correct)

Example 3

O

utbound wind correction

(Triple Method)

I

nbound leg properly aligned after turn

Aircraft is pushed during both turns

Same as Example 3

O

utbound wind correction towards wind

Inbound leg properly aligned after turn

Aircraft is pushed during both turnsSlide9

Timing Points

Start Outbound Timing

Abeam the Holding Fix

Wings Level

(If Abeam Point Cannot be Determined)

Complete Timing and Turn Inbound

Complete Timing at the Fix and Turn Outbound

Start Inbound Timing

Crossing the Inbound Course

Rolling Wings Level

-

Whichever occurs firstSlide10

Timing for Wind

Outbound Timing Too Long

Correct Timing

Correct TimingSlide11

Outbound Timing

(b) Outbound leg

timing begins

over/abeam

the fix, whichever occurs later. If the abeam position cannot be determined, start timing when turn to outbound is completed.

(FAA AIM, February 2013)

Abeam PointSlide12

What to Write Down

All of the

Instructions

Write down and readback all parts of the ATC clearance

If too busy for readback, say “standby for readback”Inbound

Course

Determine and write down the inbound course

May be the same as the number in the clearance or reverse

Outbound

Heading

Determine

and write down the no-wind outbound headingWill always be the opposite of the inbound course

Time or DistancesDetermine distances or timing to be used and write downSlide13

What to Write Down

All of the

Instructions

Write down and readback all parts of the ATC clearance

If too busy for readback, say “standby for readback”

Inbound

Course

Determine and write down the inbound course

May be the same as the number in the clearance or reverse

Outbound

Heading

Determine and write down the

no-wind outbound headingWill always be the opposite of the inbound course

Time or DistancesDetermine distances or timing to be used and write downSlide14

Navigation Sources

VOR

VOR Only

VOR/VOR

VOR/DMEVOR Area Nav

(RNAV)

NDB

NDB Only

NDB/VOR

NDB/DME

GPS

OBS ModeDatabase ModeILSILS/Marker Beacon

ILS/LOMILS/DMEILS/GSILS/VORSlide15

VOR Holding (Always Timed)

Cessna 1234, Hold south of the Ranger VOR on the 180 radial, make right hand turns, and expect further clearance

1400Z

Cessna 1234, Hold northeast of the Volunteer VOR on the 030 radial, make left hand turns, and expect further clearance 1200Z

ATC Instructions:

Direction

Holding Fix

Inbound Course

Direction of Turns

Expect Further Clearance Time

Write Down:

All of the Instructions

Inbound Course

Outbound Heading

Time or DistancesSlide16

VOR/DME Holding (with Timing)

ATC Instructions:

Direction

Holding Fix

Inbound Course

Direction of Turns

Expect Further Clearance Time

Write Down:

All of the Instructions

Inbound Course

Outbound Heading

Time or DistancesSlide17

GPS Holding

Satellite Based

Ground Speed read accurately at all positions

Distance is measured from the selected fix (not the NAVAID)

Three Types of GPS HoldsGPS OBS Holding

GPS Database holding

GPS FMS HoldingSlide18

GPS OBS Holding

Functions like a VOR Hold

F

ix, NAVAID, intersection or airport

Works with user defined waypointsProvides distance to fix information

Inbound course must be manually set

GPS will not provide entry guidance

User Defined WaypointSlide19

Simplifying the Hold with GPS OBS (Mode)

Replacing Ground Based

Navigation

Allowed when not part of an approach

More stable and consistent than ground based systemsConstant CDI Scale

Normally requires OBD modeSlide20

GPS Database Holding

GPS driven CDI

Provides distance to fix information

Inbound course is automatically set

GPS may provide entry guidanceSlide21

Holding (Protected) Airspace

Outlined in FAA

Order

7130.3A

Determined by ATCNot Readily Available to PilotsNot Pilots’ Responsibility

Depends on

Altitude

Speed

Navigation Aid

Diagram Courtesy

of the FAASlide22

Flight on the Non-Holding Side is Normal

Diagram from FAA Order 7130.3ASlide23

Flying the Parallel Entry

Wrong (Attempting to

T

rack Radial)

Correct (Flying Outbound Heading)

Diagrams from FAA Order 7130.3ASlide24

Dealing with High Winds

Consider the wind before entering the hold

Be aggressive with wind correction angles

Extend length of the hold legs

Increasing your speed in the holdDo not make the outbound leg too short

Request a different holdSlide25

Advanced Holding Concepts

Knowing the Wind on

Entry

Winds Aloft Report (FD)

Pilot Reports (PIREPs)Tracking prior to the holdOn board systems (GPS based)

GPS wind vector

GPS track indicatorSlide26

Disorientation

When does it happen?

Before and during entry

How does it happen?

Failure to understand hold orientationHow do we prevent disorientation?

Clarify ATC instructions and write down headings

What to do when it happens?

Fly 20 sec in any direction then turn back to fix and redo entry

Or fly outbound for 30 sec and reverse courseSlide27

Key Points

Always refer to the FAR/AIM for correct

information

Write

down and readback air traffic control instructionsAlways

confirm the navigation source in

use

Use large correction angles during high windSlide28

How to Best Utilize Technology

Learn the functions and limits of your equipment

Monitor navigation systems to ensure proper function and cross check against paper charts (or

ipad

)

Use the most appropriate techniques, not necessarily the most automated methodSlide29

Direct Entry Procedure

Fly directly to the fix and turn to the outbound heading

Apply wind correction to first outbound if possible

Start timing at abeam point (or wings level if abeam can not be determined)

Consider disregarding timing from first circuitSlide30

Teardrop Entry Procedure

After crossing fix turn to a heading 30 degrees towards the outbound leg (15 degrees for distance legs)

LARS (Left Add, Right Subtract)

Start timing over the fix

Turn over the fix could be either direction

Turn inbound will be same as direction of the holdSlide31

Parallel Entry Procedure

Cross the fix and turn to the outbound heading

Do not track the radial, bearing or course

Start timing while crossing the fix

Fly specified time or distance then turn opposite

the direction of the holdSlide32

ATC Instructions

Holding instructions will always include:

The

direction of the hold from the fix (orientation)

The holding fix to be

used (May or may not be a NAVAID)

The course that defines in the inbound leg (radial, bearing or track to)

The direction of the turns

Expect Further Clearance time (EFC

)

Holding instructions are “instructions” not a clearanceSlide33

VOR/DME Holding (with Distance Legs)

Cessna 1234, Hold south of the Orlando VOR 10 mile DME on the 360 radial, make right hand turns, with 4 mile legs and expect further clearance 2100Z

ATC Instructions:

Direction

Holding Fix

Inbound Course

Direction of Turns

*Leg Length*

Expect Further Clearance Time

Write Down:

All of the Instructions

Inbound Course

Outbound Heading

Time or DistancesSlide34

Advanced Cockpits

Electronic

Wind

Information

Compares actual ground path against projected pathInaccurate while turningInaccurate without correct airspeed, pressure, temp, heading and GPS data

Bad data when changing aircraft direction causes large changes in wind

Building a User Defined GNSS

Waypoint

May be used for points not defined

in the

GPS database

Not all fixes are included in GPS databasesOut of date databases may be missing critical fixesUseful for trainingSlide35

G1000 Holding with MFD (Moving Map)

MFD only displays a hold if it is in the database

Holds in the database may not be changed or reprogrammed

Size determined by groundspeed

Invalid airspeed data does not affect hold size

Shaped determined by groundspeed and wind

Assumes no wind when wind data is not available

Course

d

eviation indicator does not track the MFD hold image

CDI functions are the same in database and OBS mode

Flight director follows MFD holding patternOnly works with database holds, not OBSSlide36

What is the Distance to KROME?Slide37

Distance to KROME

I-MFA 15.1NM

DHP 10.6NM

KROME 00.0NM

COPRA 04.0NM

MAP 12.0NM

RW 13.2NMSlide38

Examples

NBD App with GPS Overlay

One Minute Hold on GPS App

MADKS Fix

Crossing AltitudeSlide39

Examples

Holding Pattern

Lateral Guidance: LOM AG

Fix Identification:

LOM (NDB)

Marker Beacons

DME from IRQSlide40

Pencil Method

Write down ATC instructions

Point aircraft towards fix

Determine outbound heading

Find that heading on gyroHorizontal line is always offset 20 degrees with high set in the direction of turns

Second line is always verticalSlide41

Parallel/Teardrop Split