Rocks http://www.beg.utexas.edu/mainweb/publications/graphics/granite.htm - PowerPoint Presentation

Rocks http://www.beg.utexas.edu/mainweb/publications/graphics/granite.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USDA_Mineral_Sandstone_93c3955.jpg http://www.gccaz.edu/earthsci/imagearchive/gneiss.htm

Remember the R o ck C ycle? Lets look in more detail at Rocks

Atoms combine to make compounds that combine to make minerals.

Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic elements or compounds having an orderly internal structure and a characteristic chemical composition , crystal form and physical properties

alunite , amethyst, amphibole, analcite, anatase, andalusite , andesine, andradite, anglesite, anhydrite, ankerite, annabergite, anorthite, anthonyite, anthophyllite, anthraconite, anthraxolite, antigorite, apatite, aphrosiderite, apophyllite, aragonite, ardennite, argentoalgodonite, arsenopyrite , asbestos, atacamite , attapulgite , augite,awarurite , axinite , azurite, babingtonite , baddeleyite, barite, bassetite, bastnaesite, beaconite , beryl, biotite, bismuthinite, blomstrandine, bornite, bowlingite, brannerite, braunite, brochantite, bronzite, brookite, brucite, brunsvigite, buttgenbachite, byssolite, bytownite, calciovolborthite, calcite, calderite, calumetite, carnallite, carnelian, celadonite, celestite, cerargyrite, chabazite, chalcedony, chalcocite, chalconatronite, chalcopyrite, chalcotrichite, chamosite, chert, chloanthite, chlorargyrite, chlorastrolite, chlorite, clinochlore, clino-chrysotile, clinozoisite, collophane, columbite, copiapite, copper, coquimbite, cordierite, corrensite, corundum, covellite, crocidolite, cubanite, cummingtonite, cuprite, dahllite, datolite, daubreelite, delessite, diabantite, diallage, diamond, dickite, digenite, dihydrite, diopside, dioptase, djurleite, dolomite, domeykite, forsterite, francolite, freirinite, fuchsite, fulgurite, galena, garnet, garnierite, gersdorffite, gibbsite, glauconite, goethite, gold, halite, halloysite, halotrichite, harmotome, heterosite, heulandite, hisingerite, hollandite, hornblende,hyacinth, hydrocarbon, hydrohausmannite, hydromica, hydromuscovite, hydrotroilite, hypersthene, iddingsite, illite, ilmenite, isle royale greenstone, jacksonite, jacobsite, jasper, jaspilite, julgoldite, kamacite, kamiokite, kaolinite, kearsargeite, keweenawite, kinoite, koutekite, kupfferite, kutnahorite, kyanite, labradorite, langite, laumontite, lavendulan, lead, lechetelierite, ledouxite, leonhardite, lepidocrocite, lepidolite, manganoan siderite, manganocalcite, marcasite, margarite, marmolite, martite, masonite, maucherite, melaconite, melanochalcite, melanterite, melilite, mercury, mesolite, meta-autunite, metatorbernite, metatyuyamunite, microcline, millerite, minnesotaite, mirabilite, mohawk-algodonite, mohawkite, molybdenite, monazite, montmorillonite, muscovite, nacrite, nantokite, natrojarosite, natrolite, neltnerite, neotocite, niccolite, nontronite, oligoclase, oligonite, olivenite, olivine, orientite, orthoclase, ottrelite, palygorskite, paragonite, paramelaconite, pararammelsbergite, paratacamite, pargasite, patricianite, paxite, pectolite, pennine, pentlandite, peristerite, perthite, pharmacolite, phengite, phillipsite, phlogopite, phosphides, phosphorite, picrolite, picropharmacolite, pigeonite, pistacite, pitchblende, plagioclase, plancheite, plessite, polyhalite, posnjakite, powellite, prehnite, priorite, prochlorite, protolithionite, pyrolusite, pyrope, pyrophyllite, pyrostilpnite, pyroxene, pyrrhotite, quartz, rammelsbergite, rauenthalite, rhodochrosite, rhodonite, riebeckite, ripidolite, roscoelite, rubellan, rutherfordine, rutile, salite, salt, sanidine, saponite, saussurite, scapolite, scheelite, schefferite, schorl, schreibersite, scolectite, seamanite, semi-whitneyite, sericite, serpentine, siderite, silicon, sillimanite, silver, smaltite, smectite, soapstone, specularite, spessartite, sphalerite, sphene, spinel, spodumene, staurolite, steatite, stellerite, stibiodomeykite, stilbite, stilpnomelane, stinkstone, strontianite, sulfur, sussexite, sylvanite, sylvite, synchisite, szaibelyite, taenite, talc, tantalite, tellurium, tenorite, tetrahedrite, thomsonite, thuringite, tirodite, titanite, titanomagnetite, topaz, tourmaline, tremolite, trichalcite, tridymite, troilite, tyrolite, uralite, uraninite, uranothorite, uvarovite, vaterite,, vesuvianite, violarite, viridite, vivianite, vladimirite, wairakite, whitneyite, williamsite, wollastonite, wurtzite, xanthosiderite, xonotlite, zeolite, zircon, zoisite, zonochlorite There are over 3000 types of minerals

Minerals combine to form Rocks

Some R oc ks are made up of just one mineral - like rock salt (made up of the mineral halite) that is mined near Detroit. Others Roc ks are made up of many minerals - like the granites and gneisses (made up of feldspars, quartz, and other minerals) found near Marquette.

This slide show is intended to help you understand important types of rocks. The diagram in the next slide represents the ROCK CYCLE—a scheme that represents the processes of continuous changes that connect the three major groups of rocks: SEDIMENTARY IGNEOUS METAMORPHIC It also shows two other important parts of the “Rock Cycle” – SEDIMENTS and molten LAVA and MAGMA

Here is another version of the Rock Cycle

8 1 Obsidian 15 9 10 122 3 16 19 20 18 17 5 7 6 4 13 11 14 1- Igneous Rock 8 -Sedementary Rock15- Metamorphic Rock

1) IGNEOUS ROCKS Form by solidification (crystallization) of melted mineralsBeneath the surface, MAGMA hardens to form 2) INTRUSIVE rocks with easily visible (COARSE-GRAINED) crystal texture. At the surface, LAVA hardens to form 3) EXTRUSIVE rocks with tiny (FINE-GRAINED) crystals or GLASSY (no crystal) TEXTURES

4) Granite Light-colored, coarse- grained, no patternMostly quartz, feldspar, mica, and hornblendeOften used for buildings and monuments Intrusive IGNEOUS ROCKS

5) Basalt Dark-colored, fine- grained, extrusiveFormed where lava erupted onto surfaceMost widespread igneous rocks Extrusive IGNEOUS ROCKS

6) Gabbro Dark-colored, coarse- grained intrusiveSimilar composition to basalt—plagioclase feldspar with some pyroxene and olivine Intrusive IGNEOUS ROCKS

7) Obsidian Natural volcanic glassForms when lava cools very quicklyUsually dark, but small pieces may be clearFractures along curved (conchoidal) surfaceUsed as spear and arrow points, knives Extrusive IGNEOUS ROCKS

Pumice and other igneous rocks Light colored, frothy (many air spaces)Same minerals as in granite, but finer in grain size IGNEOUS ROCKS Back to Chart

8) Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks may be made of rock fragments—sediments—or by chemical reactions. The classification of sediments is shown below.

9) Clastic rocks–made of cemented sediments—are classified by their grain sizes. Sedimentary Rocks

Non- clastic rocks form by 10) chemical precipitation (settling out from a solution.) Limestone is made from calcite, chert from quartz, and halite is rock salt. Sedimentary Rocks 11)

12) Biologic sedimentary rocks come from the remains of organic matter. The most important of these is coal. Anthracite coal results from the greatest pressure and releases the most energy when burned. Other varieties are bituminous and lignite. “Petrified” (permineralized) wood is another organic rock. Sedimentary Rocks 13)

More about sedimentary rocks 14) Shale is the most common sedimentary rockSedimentary rocks cover about three-quarters of the land surface Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Back to Chart

15) Metamorphic Rocks Formed by heat and pressure changing existing rocksREGIONAL METAMORPHIC affects a large area and results from plate tectonicsCONTACT METAMORPHISM affects rocks on a local scale, such as “baking” sedimentary rocks next to magma or lava

16) “Foliated” rocks contain much mica and other rocks that produce layering or banding Gneisses and schists are common in New York City and Westchester. Metamorphic Rocks 17) 18)

19) Non-foliated metamorphic rocks include marble, which comes from limestone, and quatzite, which comes from sandstone Metamorphic Rocks 20)

8 1 Obsidian 15 9 10 122 3 16 19 20 18 17 5 7 6 4 13 11 14 Name____________________________ Period____