25 November 2014 Guus Kroonen INSS Roots of Europe Center Copenhagen University Discussion Roland Schuhmann Univ Jena No word that can only be explained as a substrate word Martin ID: 483628
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Slide1
Roots of Europe Course
25 November 2014
Guus Kroonen
INSS, Roots of Europe Center, Copenhagen UniversitySlide2
Discussion
Roland Schuhmann (Univ. Jena): “No word that can only be explained as a substrate word.”
Martin Haspelmath: “According to Indo-Europeanists, when a word can be either an inherited word or a loanword, an Indo-European origin must always be preferred.”Slide3
Regular IE layer (pastoral)
‘FATHER’ ‘WATER’
‘TEN’ ‘WAGON’
‘WHEEL’
‘WHEAT’
‘HORSE’
Irregular non-IE layer (agricultural) ‘GOOSEFOOT’ ‘RYE’ ‘PEA’ ‘BEAN’ ‘CARROT’ ‘TURNIP’
Lexical
Neolithic layer in
GermanicSlide4
The IE Homeland
Steppe Hypothesis
Anatolia
HypothesisSlide5
10.000 BPSlide6
7.800
BPSlide7
6.800
BPSlide8
5.700
BPSlide9
FARMERS (FBC 4.100-2.800 BCE)
HUNTER-GATHERERS
(PWC 3.200-2.000 BCE)
(Malmström et al. 2009; Kristiansen 2012: 179)
Prehistoric
Northwest EuropeSlide10
Human
Archaeological
DNA
(Skoglund 2012)Slide11
Cereals
Pulses
Emmer wheat
Pea
Einkorn wheat
Lentil
Hulled barleyChickpeaBitter vetchFlaxThe Near East Founder CropsSlide12
Barley
C
ultivation by 8000 in Israel
S
acred
grain in
early Indic, Roman and possibly also Germanic society Slide13
*
bariz- ‘barley’
(EUR?, IE?)ON barr, E barley < PIE ?*bh
are
/is
Lat.
fār ‘grain’ < PIE ?*bharsRu. bórošno ‘ryemeal’ < PIE ?*bharos Alb. bar ‘grass’Oss. bor ‘millet’*bewwu- ‘corn?’ (IE)OE béow ‘corn’, ON bygg ‘barley’ < PIE *bheuH-Slide14
*
gerstō- ‘barley’ (EUR?, IE?)
Lat hordeum ‘barley’ < ghrsd
-
G
Gerste
‘barley’ < PIE ** ghersd?Pers. zurt / zurd ‘kind of millet’Not here:Alb drithë ‘cereal grain’, Gr. krīthḗ ‘barley’ < PIE **ghriHdh-, Hittite karas < PIE *ḱers-Slide15
Emmer wheat
Cultivation by 7500 in AnatoliaSlide16
Einkorn wheat
Cultivated by 7000 in AnatoliaSlide17
*
terwō-
‘wheat?’ (IE)Skt. dū́rvā- ’dūrvā grass’, Lith.
dirvà
f. 'field'
MDu
. terwe < PIE *derH-ueh2-E tare ‘wild or cultivated vetch’*hwaitja- ‘wheat’ (G)Go. ƕaiteis, ON hveiti < *hwīta- ’white’?*kurna- ‘corn’ (IE) < PIE *ģrh2-no-Slide18
Millet
In Black Sea region around 5000
Originally from China
Possible to use for grazing
animalsSlide19
*
hersjan- ‘millet’
(IE)Hitt. karaš- ‘wheat,
emmer-
wheat
’
G hirse ‘millet’Lat cerēs ‘bread, grain’, Kalasha karasha ‘millet’Slide20
Rye
Cultivated 9000
in
Syria
Fell into disuse until the Nordic Bronze AgeSlide21
*
rugi- ’rye’ (NEUR, NIE?)
Lith rugỹs, Rus rož’, ON rugr, E
rye
< **
rughi-Thrac. bríza < PIE **urughi-? Slide22
Oat
Cultivated in Bronze Age Europe
But with genetic links to the Middle EastSlide23
*
habarō- ‘oat’ (NIE?)
G Hafer < ?PIE **kopro-OIr.
coirche
< ?PIE **
korkio
-*aita- ‘oat, wild oat/oat grass’ (G)OHG eiza ‘oat’, OE át ‘oat’, wild oat (weed)’Slide24
Pea
Domesticated by 7000 in Jordan and AnatoliaSlide25
Chick pea
Cultivated by
9000 in Syria
and AnatoliaSlide26
Bitter Vetch
Cultivated
in Turkey between 7000-6000Slide27
*
arwīt- ‘pea’ (NIE)
Lat ervum < PIE **h1erw-Gr. er
ébinthos
‘(chick)
pea
’ < PIE **h1erebhindh-OHG araweiz < PIE **h1or(o)wiHd-Gr. órobos ‘bitter vetch’ < PIE **h1orob-Slide28
Lentils
Cultivation in Greece by 7000Slide29
Not in Proto-Germanic:
Gr.
láthuros < PIE **ln̥dh-ur
- /
**
ln
̥th-ur- Lat. lēns, lentis < PIE **ln̥t(h)- (= G Linse)Slide30
Broad Bean
In the eastern Mediterranean from 6000Slide31
*
baunō- ‘bean’ (NIE):
Lat. faba, OPru. babo ‘bean’,
Ru.
bob
< PIE **bhabh-ON baun, E bean < PIE **bhaw-Slide32
Flax
In use as fiber source since at least 30.000!
Domesticated by 9000 in Syria Slide33
*
līna- ‘flax, linen’
(NIE): Gr. línon, Lat. līnum, W
llin
,
Go.
lein < PIE *liHn- Lith linaĩ, Ru. len’ < PIE **lin-*flahsa- ‘flax’ (G)OE fleax, OHG flahs (PIE *pleḱ- ‘to braid’?)*harzwa- ‘flax’ (G)ON hǫrr, OHG haro < *kors-uo- (PIE *kers- ‘to card’, Lat. carrō, Lith. kar̃šti )Slide34
Turnip
Cultivated since
at least 1500 BC.
No
archaeological
records
Region of origin in theeastern Mediterranean?Slide35Slide36
*
rōbōn-, rōbjōn
- ‘turnip’ (NIE)Gr. ráp(h)us < PIE **rap
(h)
Lat.
rāpa
, G Rübe < PIE **rāp W erfin < PIE **a-rpRu. répa < PIE **rēpSlide37
Wild Carrot
Beginning of cultivation unknownSlide38
*
murhōn- ‘(wild) carrot’ (EUR)
Ru. morkóv’ ‘carrots’ < ?PIE *mrk-
Gr.
brákana
‘wild vegetables’ < ?PIE *mrk-ON mura ‘potentilla, wilde carrot’, OE more ‘carrot’ < ?PIE *mrk-Slide39
Saltbush, goosefoot
Beginning of cultivation
unknownWas collectedby hunter-gatherersSlide40
*
maldjōn- ‘
atriplex’ (NIE)Gr. blíton ‘purple amaranth’ < *mlit-
OS
maldia
‘
saltbush, goosefoot’ < *malt- Slide41Slide42
Cereals
Pulses
Emmer wheat
Pea
Einkorn wheat
Lentil
Hulled barleyChickpeaBitter vetchFlaxWhat’s Indo-European in Germanic?secondary additionsBeanTurnipOracheCarrotSlide43Slide44Slide45Slide46Slide47
kurgans
6
.000
BPSlide48
kurgans
5.500
BPSlide49
kurgans
5
.000
BPSlide50
kurgans
kurgans
4.500
BPSlide51
GERMANIC
GREEK
ITALIC
CELTIC
kurgans
agricultureSlide52
SCAND.
C.EUR. BALKANS ANATOLIA
GERMANIC
CELTIC
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
ITALICGREEK…HYPOTHETICAL NEOLITHIC LAYERSlide53
Item
Greek
LatinCeltic
Germanic
Balto-Slavic
pea
órobos < *orob- : erébinthos < *ereb-indhervum < *erwG Erbse < *orw-īdsandámathos : psámmathos : psámmos < *sam(-n̥dh)sabulum < *sadh-E sand, MHG sampt < *samdh-gourd / cucumbercucurbita < *kukurbitOE hwer-wette < *kʷerkʷádlentilláthuros < *ln̥dh-ur-lēns, lentis < *ln̥t-(G Linse = Lat. lent-)Comparing Neighboring SubstratesSlide54
Item
Greek
LatinCeltic
Germanic
Balto-Slavic
bean
faba < *bhabhG Bohne < *bhaw-(n)-OCS bobъ < *bhabh-hempkánnabis < *kannabiE hemp < *kanabiRu. konoplja < *kanapibison, wisentG Wisent < *wi-sundh-OPru. wi-ssambras < *wi-sombhcrayfish, crabkám(m)aros, kábouros < *kam(m)ar, *kabar-ON humar < *kumar-leadmólubdos, mólibos < *molubd, *molibplumbum < *plumdh-lúaide < ploud(h)-G Blei < *mlīwComparing Neighboring SubstratesSlide55
Item
Greek
LatinCeltic
Germanic
Balto-Slavic
blackbird
merula < *mesalW mwalch < *mesalG Amsel < *a-msl-sturgeonG Störe < *str-Ru. osëtr < *a-setrsedgeMIr. seisc < *sesk-E sedge < *sak-Ru. osóka < *a-sakturnipráp(h)us < *rap(h)rāpa < *rāp W erfin < *a-rpG Rübe < *rāpRu. répa < *rēporeraudus < *raudOHG aruz < *a-rudcloverOIr. seamar < *semar-ON smári < *smērComparing Neighboring SubstratesSlide56
SCAND.
C.EUR. BALKANS ANATOLIA
GERMANIC
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
HYPOTHETICAL NEOLITHIC LAYERSlide57
Regular IE layer (pastoral)
‘FATHER’ ‘WATER’
‘TEN’ ‘WAGON’
‘WHEEL’
‘WHEAT’
‘HORSE’
Irregular non-IE layer (agricultural) ‘GOOSEFOOT’ ‘RYE’ ‘PEA’ ‘BEAN’ ‘CARROT’ ‘TURNIP’
Lexical
Neolithic layer in
GermanicSlide58
FARMERS (
FBC
4.100-2.600
BCE)
HUNTER-GATHERERS
(PWC 3.200-2.000 BCE)
(Malmström et al. 2009; Kristiansen 2012: 179)INDO-EUROPEAN SPEECH / PRE-GMCNeolithic Northwest Europe