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Some Understandings of Internationalism Some Understandings of Internationalism

Some Understandings of Internationalism - PowerPoint Presentation

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Some Understandings of Internationalism - PPT Presentation

Chapter 11 To what extent should nations and nationstates be involved in international affairs Related Issue III To what extent should nations and nationstates be involved in international affairs ID: 709938

internationalism nations international nation nations internationalism nation international security affairs states involved war peace cont

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Slide1

Some Understandings of Internationalism

Chapter 11: To what extent should nations and nation-states be involved in international affairs?

Related Issue III: To what extent should nations and nation-states be involved in international affairs?Slide2

Chapter Inquiry Questions:

What are different

understandings of internationalism?

Why

might nations choose to

participate in international affairs?

Why

might nations choose

not

to

participate in international affairs?Slide3

Internationalism Revisited

Nations and nation-states are part of a larger community

Most Canadians believe it means to be actively involved in the world’s political and economic affairs Slide4

Understandings

of Internationalism

What are different understandings of internationalism? Slide5

Halliday’s ”Three Concepts of Internationalism”

Hegemonic

internationalism

Liberal

internationalism

Revolutionary

internationalism Slide6

1. Hegemonic Internationalism

T

he belief that world is being integrated based on unequal terms with the dominance of one nation or nation-state over others

colonialism

imperialism

Globalization

one language - EnglishSlide7

Hmmm…

To what extent do you feel that hegemonic internationalism is, in reality, one nation pursing its own national interests? Is this truly internationalism? Slide8

2. Liberal Internationalism

T

he belief that, through greater interaction and co-operation, nations and nation-states can achieve common goals, especially peace and prosperity

League of Nations

UN

NGO’sSlide9

2. Liberal Internationalism cont’d

Economically:

Liberal or free trade between nations is seen as key to reducing conflict between states

Clearly benefits all people

Supporters:

Interaction and co-operation are on equal terms

Mutually beneficial

Critics:

This approach assumes a level playing field where none exists

Countries with stronger economies have an advantage Slide10

3. Revolutionary Internationalism

T

he belief that conflicts within societies are determined by international factors and alliances

It created:

Economic

and political alliances

Modern

nation-states

Wars

Even

brought the world to the brink of nuclear war (indirectly).

Revolution

is a radical or extreme change but it need not be violent.

Feminism, environmentalism. Slide11

3. Revolutionary Internationalism cont’d

American Revolution

French Revolution

Feminism

Environmentalism

Bolshevik

Revolution

Cuban

RevolutionSlide12

Motivations behind Internationalism

Why might nations choose to participate in international affairs?

The needs and wants that motivate nation-states do not operate in isolation. They overlap, combine, and build on one another in a complex relationshipSlide13

Motivations for Internationalism

Self-determination

Humanitarianism and global citizenship

Peace and security

Economic stability Slide14

1. Self-Determination

A nation’s ability and desire to fulfill its people’s economic, social, cultural and political needs so that the nation can continue to exist and grow. For some, it is perceived that this is best achieved via international involvement

Examples

:

World Council of Indigenous Peoples; it seeks to ensure fair and just treatment, and a united voice, for over 370 million Indigenous people worldwide

Brazil’s effort to fight poverty by granting land (forest) for people to make quick money by selling timber and land, or clearing it for farmland by way of setting fires.

Severe impact on rainforest Slide15

2. Humanitarianism and Global Citizenship

Many nation-states take action to relieve suffering and protect the innocent. Natural disasters, disease, war and conflict can all cause tremendous suffering

In these situations, many countries offer humanitarian aid, which may include providing money and supplies, as well as accepting and sheltering refugees.Slide16

2. Humanitarianism and Global Citizenship cont’d

Moral Imperative:

Something

one does because it is the right thing to do

.

This

is considered, acting in a humanitarian way.

Many

people and nations choose to become involved in actions in a humanitarian way.

Examples:

The

deaths of hundreds of thousands in the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004.

The

displacement of hundreds of thousands from New Orleans in 2005 due to Hurricane Katrina.The outbreak of violence in Lebanon in 2006, in which tens of thousands of people were evacuated. Slide17

2. Humanitarianism and Global Citizenship cont’d

Responses:

Individual

generosity (donations, volunteering).

Organized

governmental & NGO initiatives.

Foreign

Affairs and International Trade Canada:

Canada

among the first countries to respond to official requests for international aid

Provide

critical financial and human resources

Assets

to support people in need. Slide18

2. Humanitarianism and Global Citizenship cont’d

Peacekeeping:

Preventing further conflict between parties.

Occurs

once a ceasefire has been negotiated.

Requires

the consent of the parties to the conflict.

Oversee

the resolution of the conflict. Slide19

Suez Canal Crisis

https://

www.youtube.com

/

watch?v

=ETOUALw2EIs

In

1956, Egyptian leader

Gamal

Abdel Nasser seized control of the Suez Canal, a critical shipping route, which was run by French and British interests.

In

October, despite American opposition, Britain and France, together with Israel launched attacks on Egypt.

Nasser

went to the Soviet leader Khrushchev, who threatened to shower the west with nuclear weapons if the British and French did not withdraw. At the United Nations, Canadian Lester B. Pearson called for the British and French to withdraw but would allow for a UN force to remain in the area, stabilizing the situation.First large international peacekeeping force which included 6000 peacekeepers from 10 nations. Helped to create peace in the Middle East until Egypt demanded that they leave the area in 1967. Slide20

Suez Canal Crisis--Aftermath

Some

argue that this crisis ultimately transferred power to the new superpowers.

USSR

& U.S.A

.

Ultimately would

lead to heightened tensions in the Cold War

.Slide21

2. Humanitarianism and Global Citizenship cont’d

Peacemaking:

Peaceful

intervention to stop a conflict or prevent its spread by bringing hostile parties to an agreement.

Occurs

before or during a conflict.

Incorporate

diplomatic

techniques.

Examples:

Bosnia-Herzegovina

.

Palestine

& Israel.Israel & Egypt Slide22

3. Peace and Security

How does a country achieve this?

In Canada, we have the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. What about Internationally? How does Canada achieve Peace and Security internationally?

Canada belongs to a number of different International Organizations that help protect her citizens at home and citizens of the world

Security Alliance Organizations:

Aim to provide member nations with greater ability to maintain secure borders

United Nations (est. 1945):

An organization of independent states

To promote peace and security Slide23

3. Peace and Security--NATO

NATO is a military alliance in which member countries – including the US, Canada, most of Western Europe and parts of Eastern Europe – agree to help defend each other.

It was originally an organization of mutual defense for its members, it has now evolved into an international military alliance designed to engage in measures to ensure general global security.Slide24

3. Peace and Security cont’d

UN High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change (2004) determined 101 proposals for dealing with the “greatest security threats in the 21

st

century” in 6 areas:

Continued

poverty

Environmental

degradation

Terrorism

Civil

war

Conflict

between states

The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)Organized crime How are humanitarian efforts integrally linked to security issues?Slide25

4. Economic Stability

People and nations face the same kind of questions when it comes to dealing with the economy. Money? Employment? Education?

Internationalism can also be linked to ensuring economic stability within a nation-state.

Examples:

The Blood Nation of Southern Alberta produces agricultural products that are sold in Japan, creating dozens of jobs in the process.

Economic interdependence is a national interest

NAFTA; seeks to break down barriers and improve the economies of member nations, such as tariffs, that restrict tradeSlide26

Motivations against Internationalism

Why might nations choose not to participate in international affairs? Slide27

Isolationism

Foreign policy

Nation-state chooses not to become involved in the affairs of other nations

Either militarily or through tradeSlide28

American Isolationism during the World Wars

Reluctant to become involved in European affairs

WWI

:

Involved after German aggression against American ships

WWII

:

Involved after Japanese naval forces bombed the US base in Pearl Harbour

Did not join League of Nations

Post WWII:

Played a major role in international affairs

Reconstruction of Europe (Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, etc.)

Creation of United Nations

Cold War (Korea and Vietnam War)Slide29

American Isolationism cont’d

September 11

In recent years, the US, again, had tended toward isolationism, until 9/11

US and NATO allies chose to attack Afghanistan, the nation that

harboured

Al Qaeda.

Intent: punishing and deterring further terrorism

“War on Terror” and Involvement in Iraq

USA

broadened its “war on terror” to include Iraq

Nation

perceived to be a threat to the US and its allies in the region.

President

Bush pressed Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein to disarm.His refusal was followed by the invasion and subsequent occupation of the country. No weapons of mass destruction were found in Iraq.UN joined the US to search for and destroy the “suspected” weapons.Canada supported the US through NATO to fight in Afghanistan.Canada did not support the incursion in Iraq, along with many other nations.Slide30

Rwanda Revisited: The Role of the International Community

There were definite links between ultranationalism and the genocide in Rwanda

The lack of response from the UN by way of intervention has been roundly condemned

Had the UN Security Council acknowledged what was happening was indeed a genocide, they would have been legally obliged to act.

However, countries including France, Belgium and the US declined to intervene

UNAMIR (UN Assistance Mission in Rwanda) was not given a mandate to intervene or use force

Is it possible to to reconcile the US response to Iraq with its response to Rwanda? Why was invasion necessary in one country but not involvement in the other country?