Chiedozie Egesi and Paul Ilona Micronutrient Malnutrition Micronutrient malnutrition or the hidden hunger affects about half the worlds population Mostly affecting women and preschool children in ID: 1047694
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1. Biofortification: Towards Bridging Agriculture and Nutrition Divides in NigeriaChiedozie Egesi and Paul Ilona
2. Micronutrient MalnutritionMicronutrient malnutrition or the hidden hunger affects about half the world’s population.Mostly affecting women and preschool children in developing countries. Despite past progress in controlling micronutrient deficiencies through supplementation and food fortification, new approaches are needed to expand the reach of food-based interventions.
3. The Burden of Micronutrient Deficiency
4. Consequences Mineral & Vitamin DeficienciesVitamin A deficiencySupplements reduced child mortality by 23%375,000 children go blind each year4Zinc deficiencyincreased incidence/severity diarrhea/pneumonia; stunting2 billion people; 450,000 deaths each yearIron deficiencyImpaired cognitive abilities that cannot be reversed82% of children < 2 years in India are anemic
5. Nationwide, 29.5% of children under 5 suffered from vitamin A deficiencyAbout 26% iron deficiency among children under 5Nigeria among 10 countries in the world with the largest number of underweight children, with an estimated 6 million children under 5 who are underweight.Prevalence of Iron and Vitamin A deficiency in children under 5 years in Nigeria by agro-ecological zoneA repeated study in 2010 indicated the same trend!
6. BiofortificationBiofortification uses conventional plant breeding and modern biotechnology to increase the micronutrient density of staple crops. It holds great promise for improving the nutritional status and health of poor populations in both rural and urban areas of the developing world.Spans from genetic crop improvement to research on the impact of biofortified crops on human health
7. What is Biofortification?Biofortification is the development of nutrient-dense staple crops using the best conventional breeding practices and modern biotechnology, without sacrificing agronomic performance and important consumer-preferred traitsModified from Nestel et al., 2006clayuca.orgIron, zinc, calcium, pro-vitamin A carotenoids, folate, amino acids, prebiotics, etc.
8. Biofortification-breeding food crops that are more nutritious
9. Biofortification – One Piece of the PuzzleSupplementationCommercial FortificationAgricultural InterventionsDietary Diversity
10. 10 BiofortificationFortificationSupplementationIn the CropIn the FactoryOn the PlateBiofortification in the Value Chain
11. 11 BiofortificationDiet Diversification (own-production)FertilizersFortificationSupplementationDiet Diversification (food purchases)Micronutrient PowdersIn the CropIn the FactoryOn the PlateBiofortification in the Value Chain
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13. Why Staple crops in Nigeria? Calorie production focuses on starchy roots and cereals – despite larger dietary gaps Source: Herforth 2010, based on FAO data
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15. Copenhagen ConsensusTOP FIVE SOLUTIONSCHALLENGE1 Micronutrient supplements for children (vitamin A and zinc)Malnutrition2 The Doha development agendaTrade3 Micronutrient fortification (iron and salt iodization) Malnutrition4 Expanded immunization coverage for childrenDiseases5 BiofortificationMalnutrition
16. Does Biofortification Work?Nutrient levels can be increased to high enough levels in high-yielding backgroundsThe extra nutrients are absorbed at sufficient levels that micronutrient status is improvedEncouraging evidence that farmers will adopt and consumers buy/eat in sufficient quantitiesBiofortification is being mainstreamed
17. Nutrient Concentration in Staple Crops can be Increased through Plant BreedingCourtesy: César Martínez, CIAT02468101214PercentN4851Mean3.92Std Deviation1.202008Normal0.451.051.652.252.853.454.054.655.255.856.457.057.6502468101214PercentN1819Mean5.69Std Deviation1.212009Fe (mg/kg)Normal02468101214PercentN4667Mean3.20Std Deviation1.26Normal2007Fedearroz 50IR - 64Baseline
18. #1 Breeding can increase nutrient levels to nutrition target levels in high-yielding crops
19. CassavaVitamin ANigeria & DRCBeansIron Rwanda & DRCMaizeVitamin AZambiaRelease Dates for Crops for Africa & Asia 2007SweetpotatoVitamin AUgandaPearl MilletIron IndiaRice ZincBangladeshWheat ZincIndia | Pakistan 201520132012 201320122011 20132012
20. Launching of Pro-vitamin A Cassava Varieties 16th March 2012
21. Present Reach of Biofortification21
22. #2 In nutrition efficacy trials, biofortified varieties improve micronutrient status Photo: Harriet Nsubuga
23. Human Nutrition Efficacy TrialsFourteen Efficacy Trials either completed or in processHigh iron crops +Meta-analysis completed for beans and pearl milletHigh pro-vitamin A crops Multiple efficacy trials completed for sweetpotato, maize, and cassavaHigh zinc cropsBioavailability studies positive, efficacy trials in the field
24. Nutrition ImpactsEfficacy trials with iron biofortified crops have also shown improved functional outcomes:Improved cognitive functionBetter work performanceBiofortified crops, as consumed, provide an extra 40% of estimated average requirement each day – substituting one-for-one the biofortified variety for the existing non-biofortified variety.
25. 25 Daily Requirement for Adult Women = 12 mg Zn/dayNon-Biofortified Rice Varieties 400 grams milled rice x 15 mg Zn/kg = 6 mg Zn/dayReleased Biofortified Rice Varieties (+25% of EAR) 400 grams milled rice x 22 mg Zn/kg = 9 mg Zn/day Future Biofortified Rice Varieties (+50% of EAR) 400 grams milled rice x 30 mg Zn/kg = 12 mg Zn/dayPercent of Estimated Average Requirement:Example of Bangladesh Zinc
26. Photo: Hugo de Groote #3 Mounting evidence that farmers will adopt biofortified crops and consumers will eat them
27. Orange Sweet PotatoVitamin A-rich orange sweet potato (OSP) was released to 24,000 households in Mozambique and Uganda from 2007-2009Findings from the project have shown high rates of adoption and consumption, resulting in increased vitamin A intakes among women and childrenDistribution of OSP has been scaled-up in Uganda by HarvestPlus to reach 225,000 households by 2016Photo: HarvestPlus
28. Impact on vitamin A intakes
29. Target Countries and Crops More than 2 million farming households reached by HarvestPlus. Crops released are high-yielding with climate smart traits.
30. Challenges for Phase 3 (2014-18)Scale up Delivery in Target Countries 9 target countries (adding Ethiopia)Develop specific deployment strategiesEstablish in-country staff/office Establish networks of collaborators and stakeholdersNew releases from breeding pipelineMeasure cost-effective impact
31. Challenges for Phase 3 (2014-18)Mainstream BreedingMake breeding for minerals and vitamins “core” breeding objectives at CGIAR Centers and NARSDevelop markersLower costs of breedingAll elite breeding lines should have the relevant genes that convey the high mineral and vitamin traits; any cross will contain these genesAdditional Efficacy Evidence1,000 Days – mothers pre-pregnancy and infants
32. Seed companies (Nirmal in India)International financial institutions (World Bank, IFAD)Multi-lateral agencies (World Food Program, Codex)National governments (Brazil, China, India)Regional frameworks (African Union) International NGOs (World Vision)Mainstreaming Through Key Stakeholders
33. Second Global Conference on BiofortificationKigali, Rwanda: March 30 - April 2, 2014300+ leaders from more than 40 countriesPurpose:How to Bring Biofortification to Scale: Translating evidence into wide-scale adoption and reachDiscussion of gaps and challenges, opportunities and solutions, and developing a plan of action33
34. Endorsements for the Kigali Declaration34
35. Engagement of Policy Makers for BiofortificationNigeria now recognizes Biofortification as a sustainable intervention strategy to manage micronutrients deficiencies.
36. Nominated in Best Movie Category at 2015 Africa Movie Viewers’ Choice Awards
37. Agriculture-Nutrition LinksOwn production vs Food consumption Source: Anna Herforth and Jody Harris (2013)
38. Mainstreaming Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture What we must do NOW!A high profile advocacy effort to raise the profile of nutrition sensitive agriculture and shape agricultural policy efforts that would enhance nutrition in Nigeria. Create a shared understanding and engage international expertise and best practices on nutrition transformative agricultural policies and programmes. Launch a set of finalized policy instruments towards entrenching nutrition in agriculture in Nigeria. Mobilize critical stakeholders around the policy instruments to catalyze investment, resources and support around key priorities. Provide a multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder platform to promote relevant initiatives towards mainstreaming nutrition into agriculture in Nigeria.
39. Key Elements of Nutrition Policy DevelopmentAdapting a Nutrition – Agriculture Policy that fits the socio-cultural context of Nigeria. Consistent support for the implementation and mainstreaming of Nutrition into Agriculture in Nigeria. Motivating investments for evidence to promote policy and programmatic priorities for nutrition sensitive agriculture. Innovative models for addressing key challenges including financing in mainstreaming nutrition into agriculture. Actions to support the role of the private sector in improving access to and consumption of nutritious foods.
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