Communicating across disciplines Introduction Blueprint in construction composite of several plans assembled into a set of drawings Transmits as much info about a project that can be placed on a 2D view ID: 571938
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Slide1
Blueprint reading
Communicating across disciplines:Slide2
Introduction
Blueprint (in construction)- composite of several plans assembled into a set of drawings
Transmits as much info. about a project that can be placed on a 2D view. Slide3
Introduction
Blueprint reading – finding and interpreting info. placed on prints
Lines
Notes
Symbols
Schedules
Transmitted to builders, engineers, craftspeople, designers, etc.Slide4
Standards
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Sheet sizes
A size = smallest
B size =
C size =
D size = largestSlide5
Sheet Sizes
A
B
C
D
E
9X12
12X18
18X24
24X36
36X48Slide6
A Universal Language
General Blueprint reading process:
1. Review plot plan
2. Scan architectural drawings
3. Review foundation plan
4. Review wall construction and materials used
5. Review plumbing, mechanical, and electrical
6. Check for revisions
7. Review specificationsSlide7
A Universal Language
Computer-aided drafting and design (CADD) has largely replaced mechanical drafting
Advantages:
Move, mirror, copy, rotate with ease
Enlarge or reduce elements
Make multiple copies
Change units of measure of dimensions
Change font style and sizeSlide8
A Universal Language
Types of construction drawings:
Preliminary drawings
Preliminary sketches that provide a basis for communication; many alterations
Presentation drawings
Selling tools; proposed building is presented in an attractive setting for promotionSlide9
A Universal Language
Types of construction drawings:
Working drawings – serve many functions
1. means for receiving a building permit
2. competitive bidding
3. instructions for construction
4. material take-offs
5. permanent record for future use
6. form basis of contractSlide10
A Universal Language
Types of construction drawings:
Shop/assembly drawings
Identify each component and show how they fit together; size, shape, material, provisions; show detailsSlide11
A Universal Language
Title Blocks
Bottom right hand corner
Name of company or org.
Title of drawing
Drawing number
Scale
Signature of drafter
Drawing or sheet identification
Other info. as requiredSlide12
A Universal Language
Revision Block
Drawing changes are identified and recorded
Usually located on the right side of the print
All revisions noted
Scale
Graphic representation is usually drawn to a proportion of the actual size
1/8” = 1’ is common
Do not take measurements from the drawing. Use the scale.Slide13
Blueprint ScaleArchitectural
EngineeringSlide14
Architectural Scale
Uses the U.S. Customary System or Standard Scale
Blueprints are drawn with a particular length set to equal one foot
Scales can range from 1/8 inch to 3 inches equal to 1 foot. Slide15
Engineering Scale
Uses scale ratio that is a multiple of 10
Blue print can utilize either Metric or
S
tandard System
M
easurements in a standard scale will be in feet and decimal parts of a foot.Slide16
English – Metric Conversions
Some blueprints use a English unit scale with metric conversions
This type of print is know as dual-dimensioningSlide17
Understanding Line Types
Alphabet of lines
Universal language of technician, architect, & engineer
Basis of all construction drawings
Many different line types, thicknesses, and applicationsSlide18
Understanding Line Types
Object lines
Also known as visible lines
Thick, solid lines used to define shape and size
Continuous, prominent lines representing edges of surfaces
Definite contrast between these lines and secondary lines
_____________________________Slide19
Understanding Line Types
Hidden lines
“dashed lines”
Medium, uniformly sized broken lines; evenly spaced dashes
Used to show hidden surfaces
(like hanging cabinets in a kitchen, backside of a part, etc.)
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____Slide20
Understanding Line Types
Section lines
(cross-hatch lines)
Show cut surface in a section view
Thin to medium lines, typically angular (45 degrees)
Give tone to sectioned surfacesSlide21
Understanding Line Types
Center lines
Light (thin) broken lines alternating long and short dashes
Identify centers of symmetrical objects
Colum, wall, window, etc.
_____ __ _____ __ _____ __ _____Slide22
Understanding Line Types
Extension lines
Used in dimensioning to show size
Thin, dark, solid lines
Extend from an object at exact location between which dimensions are placedSlide23
Understanding Line TypesSlide24
Understanding Line Types
Dimension lines
Solid lines used to indicate length
From one extension to the next, representing distance between extension lines
Further info. is given by dimensions
Usually end with arrows Slide25
Understanding Line Types
Phantom lines
Thin, dark lines
Long dash and 2 short dashes
Used to show alternative position of fixtures, movable partitions, motion, or future construction additions
_____ __ __ _____ __ __ _____Slide26
Understanding Line Types
Leader lines and arrowheads
Fine lines terminating in arrowheads (usually)
Relate notes or callout to a feature
Often drawn at an angleSlide27
Understanding Line Types
Cutting-plane and Viewing-plane lines
Very prominent broken lines used to show the location of cutting planes for sectional views
Arrows indicate direction in which section is observedSlide28
Understanding Line TypesSlide29
Understanding Line Types
Break lines
Show a break or termination of a partial view
Eliminate unimportant portions of details
Long break lines
Short break linesSlide30
Understanding Line TypesSlide31
Understanding Line Types
Contour lines
Delineate variations in elevation
Or show the exact position of a border or
boundry
Level = few contour lines
Property lines
Define boundaries of a property
Heavier than other linesSlide32
Understanding Dimensions
Using an architect’s scale:
2 scales on each usable surface
One read left to right, one right to left
A scale is usually half or double the scale its paired with
1/8” scale: 1/8” = 1’ of actual size
¼” scale: ¼” = 1’ of actual size
Etc.Slide33
Layout of Construction Drawings
Cover sheet
1
st
sheet
Index
Total square footage
List of abbreviations and/or graphic symbolsSlide34
Layout of Construction Drawings
Site Plan (plot plan)
Scale drawing of a property that shows size and configuration
Includes size & location of man-made features: buildings, driveways, walkways
Determines placement of the structure as it sits in reference to the boundariesSlide35
Layout of Construction Drawings
Topography Map
Highlight surface conditions
Changes in site’s elevation: slopes, hills, valleys, etc.
Shown by contour lines Slide36
Layout of Construction Drawings
Utility Plans
Show locations of water, gas, sanitary sewer, and electric utilities
Show existing underground utilitiesSlide37
Layout of Construction Drawings
Landscaping & Irrigation Plan
Final stages
Shows location of various plantings, ground cover, lawns, benches, garden areas, fences
Noted with abbreviations
Show quantitySlide38
Layout of Construction Drawings
Plans
View from above (bird’s eye view)
Floor plan most common
Identify and define the use of space
Locations and sizes of: rooms, doors, windows, stairs, elevators, means of egressSlide39
Layout of Construction Drawings
Elevations
Flat, two dimensional views with only height and width obvious
Exterior elevations provide a pictorial view of exterior walls of a structure and show material used, location of windows and doors, roof slopes
4 elevations normally required (front, rear, right, left)Slide40
Layout of Construction Drawings
Mechanical Drawings
Size, type, and layout of duct work
HVAC unit types, quantities, and location
Electrical, water, or gas connections
Ventilation and exhaust fans
Connection to existing systemsSlide41
Layout of Construction Drawings
Plumbing Drawings
Lines and symbols representing all piping
Fixture schedule
Sizes for all piping
Water heater information
Natural gas linesSlide42
Layout of Construction Drawings
Electrical Drawings
Type and location of outlet
Size and type of conduits
Volts of switches, wiring, and circuitry
Lamps and model numbers of light fixtures
Emergency lighting and exit signsSlide43
Schedules
Organized method of presenting lists of materials
i.e. doors, windows, plumbing, electrical fixtures, etc.
Help keep drawings un-cluttered
Location, size, material, & other info.Slide44
Specifications
Describe materials & installation methods
Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)
Complete, accurate, unambiguous
General conditions
scope of work
quality of materials
standards of workmanship
protection of finished workSlide45
Building Codes
Govern construction of buildings to provide occupants a safe & healthy environment
Define minimum standards for new construction & major renovations
International Code Council (ICC)
Working to uniform codes