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Clicks on the fringes of the Kalahari Basin Clicks on the fringes of the Kalahari Basin

Clicks on the fringes of the Kalahari Basin - PowerPoint Presentation

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Clicks on the fringes of the Kalahari Basin - PPT Presentation

Clicks on the fringes of the Kalahari Basin Bonny Sands amp Hilde Gunnink Northern Arizona University amp Ghent University ACAL 47 Special Workshop on Areal Features and Linguistic Reconstruction 2326 March 2016 Berkeley California ID: 771024

zulu amp yeyi clicks amp zulu clicks yeyi bantu click ndebele language hoan languages fwe english university core dictionary

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Clicks on the fringes of the Kalahari Basin Bonny Sands & Hilde GunninkNorthern Arizona University & Ghent University ACAL 47 Special Workshop on Areal Features and Linguistic Reconstruction, 23-26 March, 2016, Berkeley, California.

Kalahari Basin Area Morphosyntactic features (Güldemann 1997, 1998)Phonological features (Güldemann 2010) Core Khoe-Kwadi Juu-ǂHoan (Kx’a) Tuu Periphery Narrow Bantu (Güldemann 2010: 573)

Core and fringe languages with clicks Ju|’hoan S. Ndebele G|ui !Xoon ǂ Hoan N|uu Xhosa Phuthi Zulu S. Sotho Swati Naro Zim. Ndebele Fwe Kwangali Manyo Mbukushu Nam. Yeyi Bw. Yeyi Khoekhoe Kua Shua

Characteristics of Fringe Languages Click inventorynumber of click typesnumber of click accompaniments Functional load of clicks (cf. Güldemann 2007)% of vocabulary% of basic vocabularyLoss of clicks / Few clicks borrowed

Number of Click Types 5: ǂHoan, !Xoon (Taa), N|uu (N||ng) 4: Botswana Yeyi, Khoekhoe, Ju|’hoan, G|ui, Shua3: Zulu, Xhosa, Zimbabwean Ndebele, Phuti 2 : Southern Ndebele, Namibian Yeyi 1 : Fwe, Manyo, Mbukushu, Kwangali, Southern Sotho, Swati

Number of Click Phonemes Khoekhoe Ju|’hoan S. Ndebele G|ui !Xoon ǂ Hoan Kua Xhosa Phuthi Zulu S. Sotho Swati Naro Zim. Ndebele Fwe Kwangali Manyo Mbukushu Nam. Yeyi Bw. Yeyi Shua N|uu

% of Clicks in Vocabulary Khoekhoe G|ui ǂ Hoan N|uu Ju|’hoan !Xoon Kwangali Mbukushu Fwe Nam. Yeyi Zim Ndebele Swati Zulu S. Sotho Xhosa Kua Bots. Yeyi 1% 1% 1% 86% 17% 64% S. Ndebele 58%

5 % % of Clicks in Basic Vocabulary ( Swadesh 100 item list) (Holman et al. 2008 ) Khoekhoe G|ui ǂ Hoan Ju|’hoan !Xoon Shua Naro Yeyi Xhosa Fwe Kwangali Manyo S. Sotho Zulu Kua Phuthi N|uu 1% 1% 0 % 0 % 33% 82% Zim Ndebele Swati 10% S. Ndebele

Rate of Clicks in the Samples Language Percentage of overall lexicon Percentage of basic vocabulary ǂ Hoan 64% 52% (±7%) Ju|’hoan 69% 68% (±8%) Kua 58% 52% (±7%) !Xoon 73% 82% (±9%) Zulu 14% 7% (±3%) Xhosa 17% 10% (±3%) Zim. Ndebele 8% 6% (±2%) Nam. Yeyi 10% 6% (±2%) Bots. Yeyi 15% 8% (±3%) Fwe 1% 1% (±1%) the rate of occurrence in the 2 samples is different at the 95% confidence level)

Clicks in basic vocabulary South-East Bantu (SEB) Zulu i-ǁolo ‘bark’ Xhosa -!ubha ‘to swim’S. Ndebele i-!anda ‘egg’ Phuthi -n! ádza ‘cold’ South-West Bantu (SWB)Bots. Yeyi -g!úrì ‘big’ mú-ɡǁɛ̀-kwá ‘woman’ Nam. Yeyi -|hiki ‘one’ Manyo ka- |í ‘cold’ (Doke et al 1990; Donnelly 2007; Fischer et al 1985; Möhlig & Shiyaka-Mberema 2005; Seidel 2008; Skhosana 2009; Sommer & Vo ßen 1992)

Click Loss South-West Bantu FweYeyi South-East BantuNorthern Transvaal Ndebele Sowetan Zulu Old Ngoni

Fwe ‘ papyrus’: ndù ǀ ɔ́ mà (Nam. Fwe) ndùkɔ́mà (Zam. Fwe)‘resin’: ŋǀɔ́r!ɛ́zà (Nam. Fwe) ŋ ɔ́r ! ɛ́ zà (Zam. Fwe) ‘to shiver’: kùɡǀâ ːzà (Nam. Fwe) kù ɡâːzà (Zam. Fwe) (Gunnink to appear) Nambian Fwe Zambian Fwe [ ǀ] [k] [ ɡ ǀ][g][ŋǀ][ŋ][ŋǀ̥][ŋk]

Yeyi Namibian Yeyi Botswana Yeyi # of click phonemes 12 22 # of click types 2 4 % of clicks in lexicon 10% 15% ‘to slap’ kù-í- ǂh òa ̀ (B. Yeyi) ku-i- |h oa (N. Yeyi) ‘woman’ mú- ɡǁ ɛ̀kwa ́ (B. Yeyi) mu- g!ekwa (N. Yeyi)‘to throw’ kù-ì-ɡǃámánì (B. Yeyi) kù-ì-khyàmínà (N. Yeyi)(Lukusa 2009; Seidel 2008; Sommer & Voßen 1992; Pakendorf et al to appear).

Northern Transvaal Ndebele Replacement of clicks in most words ‘begin’ -kx’wala - ! ala (Zulu, Zimb. Ndebele)‘to finish’ -kx’edʒa -!eda (Zulu, Zimb. Ndebele)some plant names still contained clicks(Ziervogel 1959: 33) Zimbabwean Ndebele: Pelling 1975 Zulu: Doke et al. 1990

Sowetan Zulu Loss of contrast between / ǀ/ and /!/ in Sowetan Zulu: ‘to request’ - | ela (Standard Zulu) - |ela ~ -!ela (Sow. Zulu)‘to start’ -!ala (Standard Zulu) - | ala ~ ! ala (Sow. Zulu) ‘to finish’ - ! eda (Standard Zulu) - |eda ~ !eda (Sow. Zulu) Also in Sowetan Sotho:‘to start’ -! ala (Standard Sotho) - !ala ~ |ala (Sow. Sotho) (Gunnink 2012; 2014)

Reasons for Click Loss regular sound changecontact with:speakers of a language with fewer click contrasts speakers of a language with no click contrasts Lozi kù-k álà ‘to begin’ Sotho hò- ! álà ‘to begin’ (Gowlett 1989)loss of prestige

Beyond the Fringe Zimbabwe : Midlands varieties of Karanga (Pongweni 1990) mù | ìro ̀ ‘whip’ - | ùb̤à ‘rinse mouth’ mà | ìmb̤í ‘edible caterpillars’ Malawi : Tumbuka ( Moyo 1995 ) Mzimba: !aba [place name] Nkhamanga: t’afa “ ”Mzimba: Engu |wini “ ”Nkhamanga: Ngu t’wini “ ”

Ndau (Eastern Shona) Loss of contrast between click types‘spoon’ chi|embo ~ chi|| embo (cf. Zulu ing||embe) ‘letter’ n!w adi ~ n||wadi (cf. Zulu in|wadi)Alternation between click and non-click velar ‘hat’ chi g|| ogo ~ chi g ogo (cf. Zulu isig!oko) (Borland 1970) Note: No mention of |, !, || in Doke 1931)

Old Ngoni ‘egg’ li !anda ‘navel’ n! awa ( Spiss 1904) “The Ngoni not compelling their subjugated people to speak Ngoni, a new dialect has appeared having various combinations of consonants as substitutes for clicks” (Elmslie 1891: 2)|, !, || contrast only among oldest speakers| replaces !, || for younger speakers

The Spread of Clicks Into Bantu Where did clicks come from? ! Xuun (Kx’a) & Khoe influence on SWB Khoekhoe influence on SEB Zulu influence on Mozambique Bantu How did clicks spread into Bantu? Population shift Prestige Hlonipha not necessary (contra Herbert 1990)

The Loss of Clicks In Bantu may be very rapid (1 generation) underscores the need for dialect studies Gunnink , Hilde, Bonny Sands, Brigitte Pakendorf & Koen Bostoen . (2015). Prehistoric language contact in the Kavango -Zambezi transfrontier area: Khoisan influence on southwestern Bantu languages. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics , 36(2): 193-232. Pakendorf B, Gunnink H, Sands B & Bostoen K. submitted. On the origin of clicks in Bantu: Linguistic and genetic perspectives. Current Anthropology.

Loss of Clicks in Khoisan : Depleted Core Languages? ǂ Hoan Shua Mupa ! Xuun Sesfontein Damara Khwe | Xam † Kwadi † cf. Fehn (forth.), Job (2014 ) || Xegwi † Tshwao Ju|’hoan

Substructure Within the Fringe? fringe SE/SW Bantu Mozambique Bantu Outer /depleted core : Shua, Kwadi , etc. Core : Tuu, Kx’a, Khoe SE Bantu

East Africa: % of Clicks in Lexicon Dahalo Sandawe Hadza 18% 21% 3% Depleted core Fringe

Conclusion/Discussion Presence vs. Absence of a feature is not sufficientFunctional load of a feature in the fringe is lower than in the core # of clicks% of lexicon% of core vocabulary Clicks may be borrowed OR lost fairly easilyA f ringe may include: ancient (depleted) core language recent extension of linguistic feature

Acknowledgments We thank Koen Bostoen, Brigitte Pakendorf, Anne-Marie Fehn, Richard Bailey, Kirk Miller & Will Grundy for their assistance. HG thanks the Ugent Special Research Fund for funding. ru|oma kug|akamina g|ima

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Structure of a Linguistic Area? core Khoe, Kx’a, Tuu outer core Shua, Kua, Kwadifringe SE/SW Bantu outer fringe Mozambique Bantu Khoe, Kx’a, Tuu

Is the Fringe a useful Concept? SE Bantu Moz. Bantu Depleted core Core Zulu Old Ngoni SW Bantu Khoekhoe Khoe, Ju

Comparison of the Fringe with East Africa 3 click types: Hadza, Sandawe 1 click type: Dahalo

Eastern Africa: Click Phonemes Dahalo Sandawe Hadza

% of Clicks in Swadesh List Dahalo Sandawe Hadza 16% 37% 4 %

% of clicks in Swadesh list Language Percentage of overall lexicon Percentage of basic vocabulary Hadza 18% ( ±1% ) 16% (±4%) Sandawe 21% ( ±1% ) 37% ( ± 6% ) Dahalo 3% ( ±1% ) 4% ( ±2% ) the rate of occurrence in the 2 samples is different at the 95% confidence level)

Core vs. Fringe Language Percentage of basic vocabulary “Depleted” Core Kua 52% Sandawe 37% Shua 33% Hadza 16% Fringe Xhosa 10% Bots. Yeyi 8% Dahalo 4% Fwe 1%