I S T I C A F R A G A N S NUTMEG Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae unranked Angiosperms unranked Magnoliids Order Magnoliales Family Myristicaceae Genus ID: 598167
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M
Y
R
ISTICA FRAGANSSlide2
NUTMEG
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae(unranked):Angiosperms(unranked):MagnoliidsOrder:
Magnoliales
Family:
Myristicaceae
Genus:
Myristica
GronovSlide3
NUTMEG
The
nutmeg tree is native to the Banda Islands of
Indonesia and is widely used a fragrant spice in many international dishes.The name nutmeg comes from Latin, nux muscat, meaning musky nut. The nutmeg tree is important for two spices derived from the fruit: nutmeg and mace.Slide4
NUTMEG
In medicine, nutmeg has been used for its sedative effects to treat nervous complaints and to promote sleep.
It is also been used to treat rheumatism in Indonesia, Malaysia, China, and England.Slide5
TOXICITY AND PHARMACOLOGY
Nutmeg consists of 45-60% cellulose and solid matter, 24-40% fixed oils and 5-15% volatile oils.
The
volatile oil contains 80% monoterpenes and 5% monoterpene alcohols with the remainder made up by aromatic ethers and miscellaneous compounds and it is believed to be responsible for the psychoactive effects of nutmeg.Slide6
TOXICITY AND PHARMACOLOGY
The aromatic ether fraction contains
myristicin
, elemicin, and safrole, along with other alkyl-benzene derivatives. These compounds would metabolize in the body as follows: myristicin to NMDA, elemicin to TMA, and safrole to MDA.Slide7
MYRISTICIN
Myristicin
, or
methoxysafrole, generally makes up 4-8% of nutmeg's volatile oil and has been found in concentrations as high as 1.3% of nutmeg by weight (C.E.F.S. 2005). Slide8
MYRISTICIN
It is active at the 5-HT receptors in the brain, and has been shown to have
hypotensive
, sedative, anti-depressant, anesthetic, hallucinogenic, and serotonergic properties (Sangalli & Chiang 2001). Large doses generally cause hyper-excitability, followed by CNS depression. Slide9
ELEMECIN
Elemecin
is a
phenylpropene that comprises 2.4% of the fresh essential oil. Elemecin is partially responsible for the psychoactive effects of nutmeg.Slide10
EFFECTS
Physiological effects include dry mouth, nausea, hypotension, euphoria, CNS excitation, hallucination, and
dyspnea
.Slide11
MYRISTICIN
Because of
myristicin's
close relationship with safrole, it has long been considered a "suspected carcinogen." However, scientific data is lacking on this point. Several studies indicate possible carcinogenicity, but the results have been statistically insignificant. Myristicin has shown mild DNA binding properties, an indicator of carcinogenicity, but has not been found to be genotoxic (Hallstrom & Thuvander 1997).