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Monosodium Glutamate Monosodium Glutamate

Monosodium Glutamate - PowerPoint Presentation

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Monosodium Glutamate - PPT Presentation

amp Obesity Julia Humphrey Central Washington University Objectives Understand the difference between natural and manufactured glutamate Acknowledge the potential relationship between MSG ID: 296596

glutamate msg obesity amp msg glutamate amp obesity monosodium offspring consumption rats pregnant sacrificed day preg fat intake 2011

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Slide1

Monosodium Glutamate & Obesity

Julia Humphrey

Central Washington UniversitySlide2

Objectives

Understand

the difference between natural and manufactured glutamate

Acknowledge the potential relationship between MSG

&

appetite

Learn the

e

ffects of MSG during pregnancy & in

offspring

Know how much MSG is consumed & where it is hiddenSlide3

What is Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)

Favor enhancer/food additive largely used in the food industry

Responsible for umami/savory taste

When detected by taste buds, it signals the protein presence in the diet

Thought to mainly be in Asian cuisine

Hidden in many processed foodsUsed in place of sodiumSlide4

Natural vs. Processed Glutamate

MSG is the manufactured salt of glutamic acid

Glutamate is the sodium salt of glutamic acid

Key to the savory umami

taste

Glutamate in natureL-glutamic acidExists as part of proteins

Broken down as a part of protein digestion

Natural constituent to fermented foods

MSGD-glutamic acidRefined, can be readily absorbed into circulationNot bound to proteins, levels spike upon consumptionPossibility of “toxicity” = MSG sensitivitySlide5

MSG & Obesity History

1960s

Debons

et al.

Systemically administered MSG in mice found a pattern of obesity & hypothalamic damage

This lead to MSG admin. as the most widely used model to induce obesity in rats

I

nduces

a lesion of arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus Slide6

MSG & Obesity

Experimental studies in rats

The

arcuate

nucleus proposed as an important site of leptin actionLeptin produced by adipose cells Essential in maintenance of appetite, energy homeostasis, & body weight

MSG

administered subcutaneously in newborns

Lesion of the hypothalamic nucleusLeptin action reduced likely as a result of lack of leptin receptors in

arcuate nucleusSlide7

Obesity, voracity, and short stature: the impact of glutamate on the regulation of appetiteHermanussen

et al. 2006

Purpose

Effects of oral administration of MSG in pregnant rats and offspring

Subjects/Methods

32 pregnant rats, day 14 of pregnancy divided into 4 groupsGroup 1 (n=8): no extra MSG

Group 2 (n=8): 2.5 g MSG per day

Group 3 (n=8): 5.0 g MSG per day

Group 4 (n=8): no extra MSG during pregnancy offspring injected with 4mg/g MSGOffspring killed half at day 30 and rest at day 90Slide8

Results

Maternal feeding with 5 g/d resulted in severe birth weight reduction (p < 0.01)

Leptin

levels reduced in

MSG-fed groups

(p < 0.05)MSG-fed animals contained more body fat at day 30 and 90 than controls (p < 0.05) Impaired glucose toleranceInsulin resistance

Obesity, voracity, and short stature: the impact of glutamate on the regulation of appetite

Hermanussen

et al. 2006

2.5 and 5 g/day MSG consumption showed marked voracity

AppetiteSlide9

Monosodium glutamate versus diet induced obesity in pregnant rats and their offspringAfifi

and Abbas 2011

Purpose

Compare oral administration of large doses of MSG with high calorie

diet in

pregnant rats & offspringSubjects/Methods90 female rats randomly divided into 3 groups

Group 1 (n=30): normal chow 4.5% fat

Group 2 (n=30): normal chow + 100 g/kg MSG

Group 3 (n=30): high fat chow 31% fatSlide10

Subjects/MethodsFemale rats allowed to mate and further divided into groups

C10 (n=10): control

preg

sacrificed on 10

th

dayMSG10 (n=10): MSG treated preg sacrificed on 10th dayHC10 (n=10): high calorie preg

sacrificed 10

th

dayC20 (n=10): control preg sacrificed on 20th dayMSG20 (n=10): MSG treated preg

sacrificed 20th dayHC20 (n=10): high calorie preg sacrificed 20th dayOffspring of female rats

CO (n=10): control preg offspring sacrificed 10th dayMSGO (n=10): MSG preg offspring sacrificed 10

th

day

HC (n=10): high calorie

preg

offspring sacrificed 10

th

day

Monosodium glutamate versus diet induced obesity in pregnant rats and their offspring

Afifi

and Abbas 2011Slide11

C10

C20

HC10

HC20

MSG10

MSG20

Body weight (g)

236.4 ± 6.5

255.6 ± 7.4

301.6 ± 5.9309.6 ± 8.0237.4 ± 6.0

245.4 ± 5.3Abdominal fat (g)

13.6 ± 0.05

13.6 ± 0.04

44.6 ± 0.49

45.0 ± 0.56

57.6 ± 0.39

58.0 ± 0.5

Blood glucose

(mg/dl)

84.2 ± 1.2

79.2 ± 1.0

118.2

± 3.2

122.6 ± 2.9

120.0 ± 2.2

125.0 ± 2.5

TAG

(mg/dl)

147.4

± 13.0163.7 ± 15.0210.6 ± 4.0221.4 ± 5.0200.3 ± 5.0223.3 ± 3.0TC (mg/dl)85.2 ± 3.086.5 ± 2.0102.7 ± 2.0107.5 ± 3.0103.2 ± 1.0108.6 ± 2.0Number of offspring4.5 ± 0.64.7 ± 1.03.3 ± 0.53.3 ± 0.52.0 ± 0.81.8 ± 1.0

Monosodium glutamate versus diet induced obesity in pregnant rats and their offspring

Afifi

and Abbas 2011Slide12

MSG Consumption

FDA

Considers MSG as a food additive

“generally

recognized as safe

”Not required to list amount of MSG in Nutrition Facts panelLarge variation in MSG consumptionUK (1991): 580 mg/d general

4.68 g/d in extreme users

China (2010): 3.8 g/dThailand (2012): 4.0 g/dJapan & Korea (1990’s): 1.2-1.7 g/dSpeculated intake is up to 10 g/dSlide13

Consumption of MSG in relation to incidence of overweight in chinese adults: China Health and Nutrition Survey

He et al. 2011

Subjects

Longitudinal open-cohort, ongoing, nationwide survey 1991-2006

10,095

Chinese men and women 18-65

yr

Methods

MSG consumption dietary data both in the household & individualAll food purchases, home production, and processed snack foods were weighed and recorded24-hour recall for 3 consecutive daysMSG intake for each household member estimated based on the proportion of each individual’s food consumption

MSG intake separated into quintilesChi square test Slide14

ResultsMean cumulative MSG intake 1.8 g/dMSG positively associated with BMI in dose-response manner (p < 0.01

)

Highest MSG quintile 33% more likely to be overweight

Higher BMI, income, lower physical activity

Pilot

StudyExamine association between MSG and serum leptinMSG intake positively related to serum leptin

concentrations

Serum

leptin concentration increased by 0.45 ng/mL with every 1-g increase in MSG intakeConsumption of MSG in relation to incidence of overweight in chinese

adults: China Health and Nutrition SurveyHe et al. 2011Slide15

Limitations to Studies

Majority on pregnancy & neonatal outcome is in rodents

Not ethical to perform on humans

MSG dose is very large compared to actual consumption in

humansSlide16

Is MSG Safe During Pregnancy?

Animal

studies

Result of maternal MSG consumption

Low birth weight in offspring

Increased insulin resistance in offspringLeptin

levels reduced in

offspringLeptin resistance in pregnant ratIncreased abdominal fat in pregnant ratPlacental barrier Controls

the passage of glutamate from maternal plasma to fetus, metabolizing it before it reaches the fetal circulationMSG-sensitivityHeadaches, nausea, numbness, weakness when consuming MSG containing foodsWant to consume fresh unprocessed as much as possible during pregnancyConsult doctor Slide17

“Hidden” MSG

Not labeled as MSG

Hydrolyzed (anything), glutamate, glutamic acid, yeast extract, soy sauce, soy protein, gelatin, flavors, flavoring, bouillon, broth, seasonings,

etc

Found in common food items

Processed cheese, salad dressings, meat & vegetable stocks/broth, soups, vegetable dips, condiments, chips, pasta sauceFast food: KFC

Increase in MSG production

Increase in processed foods = increased

consumption200 tons per year in 1969800 tons per year in 2001Possible that exposure in utero could be a contributing factor to increasing obesity ratesSlide18

Conclusion

Obesity is a multifactorial disease

Related to diet, physical activity, genetics, environment

Like sugar and fat consumption MSG may simply be one factor in the mix

Would like to see national study in U.S

Difficult since NHANES does not provide MSG infoSlide19

Resources

Afifi

MM, Abbas AM. Monosodium glutamate versus diet induced obesity in pregnant rats and their offspring

.

Acta

Physiologica Hungarica 2011;98;2:177-188

Collison

K,

Makhoul N, Zaidi M, Inglis A, Andres B, Ubungen R, Shoukri M, Al-Mohanna

A. Interactive effects of neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate and aspartame on glucose homeostasis. Nutrition & Metabolism 2012;5;58:1-13Diemen V, Trindade M. Effect of the oral administration of monosodium glutamate during pregnancy and breast-feeding in the offspring of pregnant

Wistar rats. Acta Cirurgica Brasileria

2010;25;1:37-42

Friedler

B, Grimm V. Prenatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment given through the mother’s diet causes behavioral deficits in rat offspring

. International Journal of Neuroscience

1984;23:117-126

He

K, Du S,

Xun

P, Sharma S, Wang H,

Zhai

F,

Popkin

B. Consumption of monosodium glutamate in relation to incidence of overweight in Chinese adults: China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS).

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

2011;93:1328-36

Hermanussen

M, Garcia AP, Voigt M, Salazar V,

Tresguerres

JAF. Obesity, voracity, and short stature: the impact of glutamate on the regulation of appetite.

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;60:25-31Insawang T, Selmi C, Cha’on U, Pethlert S, Yongvanit P, Areejitanusorn P, Boonsiri P, Khampitak T, Tangrassmeeprasert R, Pinitsoontorn C, Prasongwattana V, Gershwin M, Hammock B. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) intake is associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a rural Thai population. Nutrition & Metabolism 2012;9;50:1-6Yu T, Zhao Y, Shi W, Ma R, Yu L. Effects of maternal oral administration of monosodium glutamate at a late stage of pregnancy on developing mouse fetal brain. Brain Research 1997:195-206 MSG Truth website http://www.msgtruth.org/avoid.htm. Accessed July 12, 2013Names of ingredients that contain processed free glutamic acid (MSG) http://www.truthinlabeling.org/hiddensources.html . Accessed July 12, 2013 Glutamic Acid - It Is Not MSG or Monosodium Glutamate http://www.edenfoods.com/articles/view.php?articles_id=207. Accessed July 12, 2013Slide20

What are your thoughts? Questions?