Professor Mustafa Idris Elbashir MD PhD Faculty of Medicine University of Khartoum Sudan mustidrishotmailcom mustafauofkedusd Good health is important for building vibrant and productive communities stronger economies safer nations and better world ID: 703153
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SOCIOECONOMIC BURDEN OF ENDEMIC DISEASES IN AFRICA WITH EMPHYSIS ON MALARIA
Professor Mustafa Idris
Elbashir
MD, PhD
Faculty of Medicine
University of Khartoum, Sudan
mustidris@hotmail.com
mustafa@uofk.edu.sdSlide2
Good health is important for building vibrant and productive communities, stronger economies, safer nations, and better world. Endemic tropical diseases are the highest contributors to the socioeconomic burden of disease in Africa.
ED and socioeconomic
burdenSlide3
Years of life lost from premature death, and years of life lived in less than full health
High mother
, infant, and child
mortality
Decreased life expectancy
indicators for the huge socioeconomic burden of
ED
in Africa Slide4
Many Africans seek care from several health care providers: Substandard public hospitals
run under prevailing weak
public healthcare systems
Low
level treatment providers such as barefaced medicine dealers, wandering drug sellers, and traditional medicine dealers These dealers diagnose and treat endemic diseases
ED are maltreated in AfricaSlide5
People in need of health care might wander between unauthorized practitioners without getting cure for their illnesses for long time.
The
preference of healthcare provider is usually determined by
affordability, nearness to homes, striking unsubstantiated propaganda and advocacy
for sold drugs, and the prompt attention and attitudes of service providersED are maltreated in AfricaSlide6
The “big three” endemic diseases in Africa are malaria
, tuberculosis TB, and
HIV/AIDS
They
have serious direct costs in terms of treatment, treatment seeking, absenteeism from work and school, and funeral expenses in the event of death which is a very common consequence. Morbidity and mortality from these three diseases have a major socio-economic impact on individuals, communities and nations
Major EDs in AfricaSlide7
Endemic diseases in Africa also include a group of diseases called, collectively, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)….The concept of
NTDs
emerged recently and has been recognized as a valid way to categorize diseases that affect the poorest
individuals
NTDs can be transmitted by viruses, bacteria or parasites.Major EDs in AfricaSlide8
They include multi-cellular helminths that are visible to the naked eye or microscopic
single-celled protozoa
.
There
are many NTDs, but we concentrate on the 18 that have been given priority by WHO. Many others…cholera…
Ebola
..hemorrhagic
fevers…
NTDsSlide9
Interventions exist to prevent and control ED with very gratifying results in some African countries.However, the coverage still remains
low
in the face of many challenges including;
shortage of finance,
antimicrobial resistance, political instability, poor health facilities and medical records….
Existing efforts to combat EDSlide10
Brief account on the socioeconomic burden of the NTDS, HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria in Africa.
Highlight the
collective progress
made in the fight against these endemic diseases
through partnerships and the existing challenges to be faced.
The presentation scopeSlide11
I propose the scale up of NGOs role, including the Federation of Islamic Medical Associations (FIMA) and
Turkish government and Foundations,
in building capacity of local communities in Africa, to empower community-based delivery of medical and health services, and probably the establishment of
centers of excellence
for basic and applied research on endemic diseases in Africa.. Role for FIMA and Turkish foundationsSlide12
This is to be delivered in close collaboration with official bodies involved in health service provision, and with other stakeholders already exerting appreciable efforts to control or eradicate endemic diseases in Africa… such as
Carter Center
…
Partnership with other stakeholdersSlide13
Socioeconomic burden of (NTDs)Slide14
They are defined as a group of infections strongly associated with poverty in tropical and subtropical environments and they are diverse in biological and transmission characteristics
.
They
spread in
149 countries, affecting more than one billion people, costing developing economies billions of dollars every year. Socioeconomic burden of
(
NTDs)Slide15
NTDs blind, mutilate, disfigure and debilitate hundreds of millions of people in the poorest parts of the world, mainly in
Africa
.
They are
now almost restricted to tropical and sub-tropical regions with unsafe water, inadequate hygiene and sanitation
, and
poor housing conditions.
Socioeconomic burden of (NTDs)Slide16
More than 70% of countries and territories that report the presence of NTDs are low or lower-middle income
economies
with
limited access to health
services. There is great need in the fight against NTDs in these countries for health education, affordable products in the areas of diagnostics, effective drugs, and insecticides
Socioeconomic burden of (NTDs)Slide17
Challenges such as insecurity and weak health systems continue to prevail in many of these poor countries, inhibiting progress in scaling up
control or eradication
measures
The following is brief summary of the socioeconomic burden of each of the
18 NTDs selected by WHO.Socioeconomic burden of (NTDs)Slide18
Dengue is a systemic viral infection transmitted between humans by Aedes
mosquitoes
It has been estimated that there are
390 million
dengue infections per year and up to 100m infections are estimated to manifest annually in more than 100 endemic countries.
1-DengueSlide19
It causes flu-like symptoms, joint pains and rashes and is potentially fatal for some patientsVector
control
programs have
failed
to contain the disease and worst of all, no specific treatment is available at the moment, and no licensed effective vaccines yet. WHO target: Reduce cases by more than 25% and deaths by 50% by
2020…public health..
No specific treatment or licensed vaccine for dengueSlide20
Dog-mediated rabies is a cause for more than 95 per cent of human deaths from the disease
The
virus is transmitted in the saliva of rabid animals and generally enters the body via a wound or bite.
There are two forms:
furious and paralytic. Furious is the most common form in humans. It causes hyperactivity, hydrophobia, aerophobia, and death by cardio-respiratory arrest within days.
2-Rabies Slide21
Paralytic rabies causes a slow progression from paralysis to coma to death.
Rabies is one of the most feared human diseases, estimated to cause some
55,000 deaths each year,
95 per cent of them among children from rural poor people in Asia and Africa
Rabies: fearful killerSlide22
The global burden estimates for rabies 931,600 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
One
DALY (disability-adjusted life year) can be thought of as
one lost year of “healthy” life.
Despite the availability of effective vaccines and messaging tools, rabies will not be sustainably controlled in the near future …
Rabies: lingering global
burden Slide23
Yaws is an infectious, debilitating and disfiguring disease of poverty that mainly affects children in rural communities in tropical areas.
It
is caused by the spirochete bacteria
Treponema
pallidum3-Yaws Slide24
Yaws is usually contracted in childhood (75% of cases occur before age 15) and infectious lesions are infrequent after the age of 30 It
is characterized by highly contagious primary and secondary cutaneous lesions and non-contagious tertiary
destructive lesions of the bones
Yaws: bone destructionSlide25
Painful and itching lesions commonly appear on the upper and lower limbs, fingers, toes, soles of the feet, face, genital areas, and buttocks The tertiary stage
is characterized
by destruction of tissue,
bone, and cartilage resulting in disfigurement and
disabilityWHO target: Eradication of yaws by 2020 Yaws: disfigurement and disabilitySlide26
Buruli ulcer is the third most common mycobacterial infection worldwide and it is related to the ones that cause leprosy and tuberculosis
.
It
is endemic in tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates and has been identified in at least
33 countries in Africa.4- Buruli
UlcerSlide27
The infection starts as a small nodule that later ulcerates, giving rise to an unsightly ulcer with undermining edges and a cotton wool-like appearance, and thickening and darkening of the skin surrounding the lesion
Buruli
ulcer: unsightly ulcerSlide28
Mycobacterium ulcerans produces a toxin, mycolactone, which destroys tissue resulting in large ulcers causing
debilitating skin disease
with
ugly morbidity
, often requiring reconstructive surgery.WHO target: 70% cases cured with antibiotics in all endemic countries by 2020.Buruli ulcer: debilitating skin diseaseSlide29Slide30
Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligate intraocular bacteria causing trachomaIt was the leading cause of blindness
in the last century
worldwideTrachoma infection afflicts predominantly young children.
The
sub-Saharan Africa region currently bears the largest burden
5-
Trachoma: blindness leader Slide31
In 1990, the WHO reported that 146 million individuals across the globe had active trachoma, 10 millions
were in need of surgery
, and
8
millions were blind due to trachoma. In 2002, ~3.6% of the total visual impairment was due to trachoma,
and it
was the
fourth major cause of
blindness globally.
Trachoma: from number one to number four blinderSlide32
The Carter Center's Trachoma Control Program was established in 1998. As a global leader in the fight against trachoma, the Center and partners
implemented
the World Health Organization endorsed
Surgery
, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, and Environmental (SAFE) strategy
for trachoma control
Trachoma: thanks to Carter Center Slide33
In 2015, seven countries
, three of them are Africans (China,
Gambia, Ghana
, the Islamic Republic of Iran,
Morocco, Myanmar, and Oman) had submitted reports to WHO of achieving 100% elimination goals of trachomaIn Ethiopia, repeated mass antibiotic distributions
dramatically reduced infection after 3 to 4 years of treatment
Trachoma can be eliminatedSlide34
Mycobacterium leprae, was the first bacterium to be identified
as causing disease in
humans.
Leprosy is
a disease that mainly affects the skin, nerves, upper respiratory tract and eyes.Currently, worldwide, more than 200,000new cases of leprosy are detected annually,many in India, Brazil, Indonesia and sub-Saharan Africa.
6-leprosy more than 200000 cases annuallySlide35
Earlier World Health Assembly set a goal for “elimination of leprosy as a public health problem”, defined as a prevalence of less than 1 per 10,000, by the year 2000.
More
recently, the WHO
has formulated new targets for
leprosy reduction of grade-2 disabilities in newly detected cases to below 1 per million population at global level by 2020Progress in leprosy controlSlide36
These are caused by an infection with T. solium or
T.
saginata
,
and Swine are the intermediate hosts of T. solium , whereas cattle are the intermediate hosts for T. saginata. Taeniasis, and
cysticercosis
have been ranked as
the most important food-borne parasitic diseases of humans in terms of public health,
socioeconomic,
and trade impact.
7-
Taeniasis
and
cysticercosis
Slide37Slide38
They are transmitted by eating raw or insufficiently cooked pork or beef containing infective larvae.It was estimated that approximately 300,000 individuals were infected with
T.
solium
cysticercosis
globally, resulting in over 28,000 deaths in 2010. Between 2.5 and 5 millions people are estimated to harbor adult tapeworms of T. solium
Taeniasis
and
cysticercosis
Slide39
In humans, the symptoms of taeniasis are subtle and mild and include abdominal distension, abdominal pain, digestive disorders and anal pruritis but humans can also develop
cysticercosis
from the tapeworm
larvae in multiple tissues and organs, which can be fatalTaeniasis and
cysticercosis
Slide40
In neurocysticercosis (NCC) the symptoms and signs include
headaches, blindness, convulsions or epileptic seizures, paralysis,
dementia.
Muscular
or cardiac lesions may also be present or even death. WHO target: Scaled-up interventions in selected countries for control and elimination by 2020.
Taeniasis
and
cysticercosis
Slide41
Dracunculiasis, known as guinea-worm disease,
is a crippling disease caused by the parasite
Dracunculus
medinensis. It is long threadlike worm which grows up to a meter in
length
It is transmitted exclusively when people drink water that has been contaminated with parasite-infected
water fleas.
8-
Dracunculiasis
(Guinea worm disease) Slide42
The female Guinea worm migrates through the body under the skin, causing severe pain, and eventually emerges from the body (usually from the feet), causing an ulcer, fever, nausea and
vomiting.
Larvae are released
into the water and begin the cycle of infection all over
again through water fleasDracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) transmissionSlide43
Guinea worm disease was
devastating used to incapacitate
people for extended periods of time, making them unable to care for themselves, work, grow food for their families, or attend
school.
In 1986, the disease afflicted an estimated 3.5 million people a year in 21 countries in Africa and AsiaDracunculiasis
(Guinea worm disease)
was
heavy burden in AfricaSlide44
There is no known curative medicine or vaccine to prevent Guinea worm disease
When Ernesto Ruiz-
Tiben, the head of Carter
Center
against guinea worm, began his work to eradicate guinea worm disease more than 30 years ago, he felt “it was going to be like dragging a dead elephant through a swamp by its tail.”
Dracunculiasis
(Guinea worm disease)
and Carter CenterSlide45Slide46
Guinea worm disease is set to become the second human disease in history, after smallpox, to be eradicated. It will be
soon
the
first parasitic disease to be
eradicated, and the first disease to be eradicated without the use of a vaccine or medicine ….public health measures…Thanks to the Carter center…story of successDracunculiasis
(Guinea worm disease)
EradicationSlide47
Through his non-governmental organization, former US President Jimmy Carter championed the cause to eradicate guinea worm disease with corporates and heads of states. He kept
up pressure and accountability by visiting affected countries, even brokering a ceasefire in Sudan in the 1990s to allow health workers access to those at
risk in
South Sudan.
Extensive collaborative efforts to eradicate Guinea worm disease Slide48
The Center with ministries of health almost stopped the spread of Guinea worm disease by providing health education and helping to maintain political will, in addition to
larvicides
,
water filters and dogged determination.Carter program helped cut incidence of the disease in 2016 to just 25 cases reported
in only
four countries
South
Sudan
,
Mali
,
Chad
, and
Ethiopia
Simple measures with high impactSlide49
As stated earlier the incidence of the disease was estimated to be 3.5
million in
1986.
The success has been
achieved through community-based interventions; education and change of behavior:Teaching people to filter all drinking water and preventing transmission by keeping anyone with an emerging worm from entering water sources.
Community-based
interventionsSlide50
STH are caused by intestinal worms including roundworm, whipworm and hookworm They are
among the most common infections
worldwide and tend to affect the
most deprived communities.
They are transmitted by eggs present in human feces, which in turn contaminate the soil in areas where sanitation is poor and sewage is left untreated
9- Soil-transmitted
helminthiases
(STH) transmission Slide51
Infected children are physically, nutritionally and cognitively impaired. It is estimated that
576-740 million individuals
are infected with hookworms worldwide.
Of
the infected individuals, about 80 million are severely affected. STH burdenSlide52
الديـدان
تنهـش
عقـول
و
تنخــر
أجسـاد الأطفـالSlide53Slide54
The major hookworm infections are due Necator
americanus
which is found in the Americas, sub-Saharan Africa, and
Asia and
Ancylostoma duodenale which is found in more scattered focal environments, namely Europe and the MediterraneanThe WHO policy for control of the
STH
largely centers on two groups, preschool aged children (pre-SAC), and school-aged children (SAC).
WHO policy for control of STH Slide55
WHO aims to scale up mass drug administration (MDA) for STH, so that by 2020, 75 % of the pre-SAC and SAC in need will be treated regularly.
In
2013, global coverage of those in need was 39 % for SAC and 49 % for
pre-SAC.
WHO policy for control of STH Slide56Slide57
In 2015, STH moved from yellow to green in the progress score card chart (recently developed by Uniting to Combat NTDs), in part due to better coordination between UNICEF and WHO which has led to an improvement in reporting of coverage for pre-SAC
WHO policy for control of STHSlide58Slide59
Foodborne trematodiases are a group of infections caused by trematode worms (known as flatworms or flukes
).
People
become infected by
eating raw or poorly cooked fish, crustaceans and vegetables that harbor the minute larvae of the parasites. 10- Foodborne trematodiasesSlide60
Recent estimates indicate that at least 56 million people suffer from one or more foodborne trematode infections (
clonorchiasis
,
opisthorchiasis
, fascioliasis, paragonimiasis and others).
Cases of
trematodiases
have been reported from more than
70 countries worldwide.
Foodborne
trematodiases
burdenSlide61
Tropical fasciolosis caused by Fasciola gigantica infection is one of the major diseases infecting ruminants in the tropical regions of Asia and
Africa.
It
causes a significant
economic loss in livestock industry in developing and underdeveloped countries for more than 3.2 billion US dollars per annum. Foodborne trematodiases burdenSlide62
The WHO has been aiming to control morbidity due to foodborne trematodiases by the inclusion of these infections in the mainstream preventive chemotherapy strategy with the necessary veterinary public-health support
.
Foodborne
trematodiases
controlSlide63
By 2020:75% of the at-risk population will have been reached by preventive chemotherapy
Morbidity
associated with foodborne
trematode
infections will be under control in 100% of the endemic countries FT- WHO targetSlide64
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) commonly known as elephantiasis, is a mosquito-transmitted parasitic disease caused by infection with Wuchereria
bancrofti,
Brugia
malayi, or B. timori, in tropical and subtropical regionsPeople of all ages can be infected and symptoms of an infection in childhood can appear much later in life.
11- Lymphatic
filariasisSlide65
The worms live in, and cause blockage of, the lymphatic system that normally returns fluids in our extremities to the circulatory system.
This
blockage results in fluid collection in the tissues (most commonly the legs and genitalia), severe swellings, and periodic fevers from bacterial infections of the collected fluids.
Lymphatic
filariasisSlide66
A long-standing infection with lymphatic filariasis results in an irreversible condition called elephantiasis, in which there is a marked enlargement and hardening of the limbs so that they resemble those of an elephant, and patients suffer from persistent recurring fevers
Lymphatic
filariasisSlide67
Approximately 120 million people are infected by lymphatic filariasis, and 1.1 billion are at risk
of infection
.
In
endemic communities as many as 10 percent of women and men can be affected with swollen limbs, and 50 percent of men can suffer from the mutilating disease of their genitals
Lymphatic
filariasis
burdenSlide68Slide69
Elephantiasis
داء الـفـيــــــــــل
Slide70
These physical disfigurations result in social stigma with significant social and economic consequences for patients, families, and communities
Lymphatic
filariasis
burdenSlide71
The global LF elimination strategy includes stopping the spread of infection through annual Mass Drug Administration( MDA) of albendazole together with either ivermectin
or
diethylcarbamazine
(DEC) to eligible individuals in affected areas for 4-6 years, and alleviation of suffering through morbidity management and disability prevention (MMDP).
Global strategy for elimination of LFSlide72
MDA has been implemented in 63 of the 73 endemic countries. 556 million people in 39 countries were treated
during 2015, the cumulative total of treatments since 2000 now exceeds 6.2 billion
Thank to the
C
arter center……Merck,…. GlaxoSmithKline.. very gratifying results.. Eliminated in some non African countries
… Nigeria good progress??
Good progress in control of LFSlide73
Human onchocerciasis or river blindness is caused by the filarial nematode Onchocerca
volvulus
and transmitted by the
tiny black flies that live by fast-flowing water from person to personOnce inside the body, the larvae of the worms migrate to the skin, eyes and other organs, where they grow into adult worms that can live in the body for up to 15 years
12-
Onchocerciasis
Slide74
عمـي الأنهــار
Onchocerciasis Slide75
The disease causes skin lesions, severe itching and visual impairment, including permanent blindness, reduces an individual's ability to work and learn, and can shorten life expectancy by up to 15 years.More than
99 per cent
of infected people live in
31
countries in sub-Saharan AfricaOnchocerciasis burdenSlide76
It is earmarked for elimination by the WHO as articulated by the 2012 Roadmap and the London
Declaration on
Neglected Tropical Diseases
The principal strategy to achieve elimination is
mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin …..Prof Mamoun…..Carter center.
Onchocerciasis
strategy for eliminationSlide77
Good progress towards elimination has also been made in Africa which bears 99% of the onchocerciasis burden, with notable successes in regions of Mali, Senegal, Nigeria, Sudan and eastern Uganda…
Onchocerciasis
progress towards eliminationSlide78
The Carter Center and its partners have successfully broken river blindness transmission in Uganda and Sudan by providing twice per year Mectizan treatments…
Eliminated
from Colombia (2013)
,
Ecuador (2014), Mexico (2015), and Guatemala (2016).
Onchocerciasis
good progress towards eliminationSlide79
عمـي الأنهــار
Onchocerciasis Slide80
Schistosomiasis or bilharzia is a water-borne parasitic infection. There are two major types of schistosomiasis disease manifestations:
urogenital
schistosomiasis
(most prevalent in Africa) caused by
Schistosoma haematobium, and intestinal schistosomiasis, caused by, depending on the tropical region of the world, either S.
intercalatum
,
S.
mansoni
, S.
japonicum
, S.
guineensis
or S.
mekongi
13-Schistosomiasis urogenital or intestinalSlide81
People are infected during routine agricultural, domestic, occupational and recreational activities which expose them to infested water. It is caught through fresh water that contains the larvae of worms
.
The
parasite can live for years in the veins near the bladder or intestines,
laying eggs that pass out of the body in urine or feces and reinfect water sources..
Schistosomiasis transmission Slide82
Snails are infected when fresh water is contaminated by eggs excreted in human urine or feces.Infected snails release larvae that infect humans when they expose their skin to water contaminated by the snails
Schistosomiasis transmission Slide83
It results in a debilitating chronic disease with extensive morbidity and organ pathology.
It
is endemic in
76 countries worldwide, with about 207 million people infected of which 123 million are children. The
majority (88%)
of the people infected with
schistosomiasis
live on the
African continent
Schistosomiasis burden Slide84
Schistosomiasis is implicated in several clinical conditions including bladder cancer leading to death, liver periportal fibrosis, cirrhosis
,
hydronephrosis
, reproductive complications
, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and fast progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in adultsSchistosomiasis burden Slide85
It is the most deadly of the neglected tropical diseases and it is the second most common parasitic disease, after malaria.
In terms of
socioeconomic and public health impact,
schistosomiasis is second only to malaria as the most devastating parasitic disease in tropical countries Schistosomiasis burdenSlide86
Nigeria is the most endemic country for schistosomiasis, with approximately 20 million people, mostly children, needing treatment.
For
schistosomiasis
, main control strategy is
preventive chemotherapy (prazequantel) in which several countries in Africa have now embarked…..
Schistosomiasis control Slide87
Bilharzia
داء المنشقـات
Slide88
Human echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by
tapeworms of the genus
Echinococcus
. It occurs in 4 forms: cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatid
disease or
hydatidosis
,
caused by infection with
Echinococcus
granulosus
A
lveolar
echinococcosis
, caused by infection with
E.
multilocularis
;
polycystic
echinococcosis
, caused by infection with
E.
vogeli
; and
unicystic
echinococcosis
, caused by infection with
E.
oligarthrus
.
14-
Echinococcosis
zoonotic diseaseSlide89
The two most important forms of medical and public health relevance in humans, are cystic echinococcosis
(CE) and alveolar
echinococcosis
(AE)
The disease has the highest incidence in countries where sheep are raised with the help of dogs
Echinococcosis
: two major forms Slide90
In endemic regions, human incidence for HD can reach >50/100,000
person per year
, and prevalence levels as high as
5%–10%
may occur in parts of East Africa, Central Asia China, Argentina, and PeruBoth cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis represent a substantial disease burden.
Echinococcosis
burdenSlide91
More than 1 million people are affected with echinococcosis at any one time.
Echinococcosis
is
often expensive and complicated to treat, and may require extensive surgery and/or prolonged drug therapy.Many of the patients will be experiencing severe clinical syndromes which are life-threatening if left untreated.
Echinococcosis
burdenSlide92
Even with treatment, people often face reduced quality of life.The most common
hydatid
cyst sites in humans are the
hepatic,
60%–70% of cases, followed by lung and brain In livestock, the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis found in slaughterhouses in hyperendemic areas of South America varies from
20%–95% of slaughtered animals
Echinococcosis
burdenSlide93
The 2015 WHO Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG) estimated echinococcosis to be the cause of 19300
deaths and around
871 000 disability-adjusted
life years
(DALYs) globally, each year.Annual costs associated with cystic echinococcosis are estimated to be US$ 3 billion for treating cases and losses to the livestock industry.
Echinococcosis
burden Slide94Slide95
It is also known as American trypanosomiasis, and it is potentially life-threatening illness.
The
etiologic agent that causes Chagas
disease is the protozoan parasite
Trypanosoma cruzi (T.
cruzi
)
.
The parasite is transmitted by
popularly
known as the
kissing bug
15-Chagas
disease epidemiologySlide96
In humans, Chagas disease manifests in acute and chronic phases.
The
acute phase has mild symptoms that may last for approximately two months.
In
the chronic phase, the majority of cases are of the asymptomatic indeterminate form, which may last a lifetime Chagas disease: clinicalSlide97
The parasite can move to the muscles of the heart or bowels, where it can cause severe damage to organsThe most important health consequence of
Chagas
disease is
cardiomyopathy
, which over a lifetime occurs in 20 to 40% of infected persons with an incidence of 1.85% persons per year.Estimates of mortality attributable to Chagas disease vary considerably
(between 0.2% and 19.2% annually)
Chagas
disease: pathologySlide98
Estimates of the number of infected individuals in the world have decreased from approximately 20 million in 1981, to 7-8 million in 2014. The
majority of infected individuals live
in 21
countries
of Central and South America.The disease has spread to other continents over the past century as global population movements have increased.
Chagas
disease burdenSlide99
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by
intracellular protozoan parasite,
Leishmania
and transmitted by the bite of a certain
female sandflies of Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia species.Leishmaniasis
is classified as
cutaneous (CL), visceral (VL),
and
mucocutaneous
(MCL)
by
clinical manifestations and it is among the world’s
six major tropical diseases
.
16-
Leishmaniasis
Slide100
It ranks third in disease burden in disability-adjusted life years (DALY) caused by neglected tropical diseases, and
is the second most frequent cause of parasite-related
deaths
after malaria.
It is endemic in 98 countries and causes significant morbidity and mortality mainly Eastern Africa
which is
the second-highest-burdened region, after the Indian subcontinent.
Leishmaniasis
burdenSlide101
Overall, annual prevalence is 12 million and the population at risk is approximately 350 million. The global burden of visceral
leishmaniasis
(VL) alone is estimated at
0.2 to 0.4 million
cases, resulting in 50,000 deaths every year, if left untreated, the fatality rate of VL is as high as 100%; in some areas. Leishmaniasis
burden Slide102
Combined WHO’s Roadmap and the London declaration have accelerated interventions since 2012 with significant levels of progress. There was 82% reduction in reported cases of visceral
leishmaniasis
(VL) in Bangladesh, India and Nepal.
WHO
target is the elimination of the visceral form on the Indian subcontinent, not Africa, by 2020
Leishmaniasis
: control progressSlide103
Leishmaniasis
الليشمانيــــــاSlide104
Known as human African trypanosomiasis
,
(HAT)
It is
transmitted by the bite of the Glossina, commonly known as the tsetse fly. Trypanosomes cause a variety of diseases in man and domestic animals in Africa, Latin America and Asia.
Trypanosoma
brucei
gambiense
and
T. b.
rhodesiense
cause human African
trypanosomiasis
17- Sleeping
sickness Slide105
Infected people typically suffer fevers, headaches and joint pains followed by confusion, poor co-ordination, numbness and trouble sleeping.
70
million
population are at risk of getting HAT
Sleeping sickness burdenSlide106
مـرض النـوم
Trypanosomiasis Slide107Slide108
Significant progress after HAT has been included in the WHO NTD roadmap (2012) as one of the diseases targeted for elimination as a public health problem by 2020.
This
progress has been demonstrated by
89% drop in new HAT cases between 2000 and 2015.
Sleeping
sickness control progressSlide109
It can be caused by bacteria actinomycetoma, or fungi
eumycetoma
,
and typically affects poor communities in many tropical and subtropical regions. It is an infection of subcutaneous tissues resulting in mass and sinus formation and a discharge that contains grains. The lesion is usually on the foot but all parts of the body can be affected.
18-
MycetomaSlide110
MycetomaSlide111Slide112
Despite its distressing deformities, disability, high morbidly, and negative socioeconomic impacts on patients, communities, and health authorities it enjoys meagre
national and international attention and
recognition…
A major problem in
mycetoma is that most of the patients are of poor socio-economic and health education status and hence the late presentation, poor treatment compliance and high follow-up dropout rates. Mycetoma burdenSlide113
It is still challenging and hard to treat patients with mycetoma; in particular eumycetoma.
The
current treatment is still
not optimal and disappointing. To cure, this disease both extensive and destructive surgery and prolonged antifungals treatment are necessary.
Mycetoma
burdenSlide114
The progress in control or elimination of NTDs Slide115
The WHO has been the major actor and coordinator of efforts to fight against NTDs.It succeeded to bring many global stakeholders together in one forum.
The
first global partners’ meeting on NTDs was held in
2007
, and adopted the theme, “Collaborate. Accelerate. Eliminate”. Global partners for control of NTDsSlide116
Following the meeting a variety of local and international stakeholders have worked alongside
ministries of health in endemic countries
to deliver quality-assured medicines, and provide people with care and long-term management.
Global partners for control of NTDsSlide117
In 2012 and inspired by the declared WHO NTDs Roadmap, partners signed the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases through which they pledged to support WHO in the control and elimination of 10 neglected tropical diseases by
2020.
Roadmap and London declaration 2012Slide118
The most recent Global Partners’ Meeting on NTDs was held in Geneva, 19 April
2017
.
WHO presented the
fourth report which showed remarkable achievements in the fight against NTDs. Representatives of Member States, donor agencies, foundations, the private sector, academia and various stakeholders attended the meeting.
Global partners meeting 2017Slide119
The fourth report reflected the achievements of the past decade, and declared to sustain support towards the 2020 WHO Roadmap targets.Partners were called to facilitate availability of resources needed beyond 2020
Among the achievements of the past decade an estimated
1 billion people received treatment in 2015 alone
.
Progress in one decade 2007-2017Slide120
“WHO has observed record-breaking progress towards bringing ancient scourges like sleeping sickness and elephantiasis to their knees,” said WHO EX-Director-General, Dr Margaret Chan. “Over the past 10 years, millions of people have been rescued from
disability
and
poverty
Thanks to one of the most effective global partnerships in modern public health”.Dr Margaret Chan-EX WHO directorSlide121
In a recently published WHO report (2017), Integrating neglected tropical diseases in global health and development, it has been clearly demonstrated how strong political support, generous donations of medicines, and improvements in living conditions
have led to sustained expansion of disease control programs in countries where these diseases are most
prevalent.
WHO report (2017)Slide122
One billion people were treated for at least one neglected tropical disease in 2015 alone.one
billion people in 88 countries
have benefited from
preventive chemotherapy
in 2014.Five hundred and fifty six million people received preventive treatment for lymphatic filariasis
(elephantiasis)
and more than
114 million people received treatment for
onchocerciasis
(river blindness);
62% of those requiring it.
Achievements in figuresSlide123
Only 25 human cases of Guinea-worm disease were reported in 2016, putting eradication within reach.Cases of human African trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness) have been reduced from
37000 new cases in 1999 to well under 3000 cases in
2015.
Achievements in figuresSlide124
Trachoma, the world’s leading infectious cause of blindness has been eliminated as a public health problem in Mexico, Morocco, and Oman. More
than 185 000 trachoma patients had surgery for
trichiasis
worldwide
More than 56 million people received antibiotics in 2015 alone
Achievements in figuresSlide125
Concerning visceral leishmaniasis in 2015,
the target for
elimination was achieved in 82% of sub-districts in India, in 97% of sub-districts in Bangladesh, and in 100% of districts in Nepal.
Only 12 reported human deaths were attributable to rabies in the WHO Region of the Americas in 2015, bringing the region close to its target of eliminating rabies in humans by 2015.
Achievements in figuresSlide126
The partners meeting 2017 also stressed the importance of integrating NTDs in the Global Health and Development (GHD), and to be part of the
Universal Health Coverage (UHC) policy
which has been recommended in the 58th World Health Assembly resolution in
2005.
Important new recommendation 2017Slide127
UHC means all people receiving the health services they need, including health initiatives designed to promote better health (such as
antitobacco
policies)
, prevent illness (such as
vaccinations), and to provide treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care (such as end-of-life care) of sufficient quality to be effective while at the same time ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
Universal Health Coverage(UHC)Slide128
In 2013, the World Health Assembly approved Resolution WHA 66.12, which defined strategies for NTDs with clear targets and milestones for 17 NTDs, and endorsed the WHO NTDs-Roadmap goals linking NTDs to (UHC).
Thus
, countries were encouraged to plan for stepping-up implementation of the UHC which entails integration of NTDs into regular health
services with improved quality.
Universal Health Coverage(UHC)Slide129
Thus, in this setting NTDs are to be addressed through five strategies:preventive chemotherapy, intensified disease management, vector control, veterinary public health measures for zoonotic neglected diseases, and through improved water and
sanitation.
Five strategies for addressing NTDsSlide130
In the fight against NTDs emphasis is placed on building partnerships for change among international agencies, governments, nongovernmental organizations, corporations, national ministries of health, and most of all, with people at the grass roots.
People at the
grass root level
are helped to acquire the tools, knowledge, and resources they need to transform their own lives…Effective partnership
in the fight against
NTDsSlide131
The WHO Carter Center Health ProgramsDrug companies such as Merck
Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation….
Thanks to those and othersSlide132
Since 1986, The Carter Center has led the international campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease, working closely with ministries of health and local communities, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the WHO, UNICEF, and many others.
The
C
arter CenterSlide133
Inspired by the successful eradication of smallpox in 1977, the International Task Force for Disease Eradication (ITFED) has been formed at The Carter Center in 1988 to evaluate disease control and prevention and to see the potential for eradicating other infectious diseases.
The Carter CenterSlide134
Thus, in addition to sponsoring and hosting the ITFDE meetings, Carter Center health programs address two of the diseases currently identified by the ITFDE for eradication, dracunculiasis and lymphatic
filariasis
, and three diseases identified for elimination or better control,
onchocerciasis
,, trachoma, and schistosomiasis. The center uses health education and simple, low-cost methods
The Carter CenterSlide135
Scientists and notable international health organizations serving on the task force have identified additional diseases that potentially could be eradicated, thereby dramatically and permanently improving the quality of life for many millions of the world's poorest people. These diseases include
poliomyelitis, mumps, rubella, measles, and yaws
The Carter CenterSlide136
The socioeconomic burden of three big endemic diseases in AfricaHIV/AIDS, TB and malariaSlide137
HIV infection represents a global health concern.It has an extremely uneven geographical distribution, with Sub-Saharan Africa bearing more than two-thirds of the global burden
.
HIV/AIDS is by far the leading cause of
premature mortality
in sub-Saharan Africa and the fourth-biggest killer worldwide
HIV/AIDS burdenSlide138
In sub- Saharan Africa, HIV prevalence among adults had reached around 7.4%, rising to over 20% in some
settings
At the end of
2004,
an estimated 39 million people globally were living with HIV, and there were 3.1 million AIDS deaths, including 510,000 children
HIV/AIDS burden Slide139
In 2011, 34 million people were living with HIV globally, 3.3 million were children under 15 years and 16.7 million were women
In 2015, the UNAIDS Program estimated
that
36.7 million people
were living with HIV globally, and 1.1 million people died in the same year from AIDS resulting from HIV infection….39….34….37…..ART…
HIV/AIDS burden Slide140
Progress has been made on some fronts. Provision of millions of people living with HIV in LMICs with antiretroviral treatment (ART)
June
2016
around
18.2 million, or 49% of people living with HIV (PLHIV), were taking ART
HIV/AIDS: progress in control Slide141
The United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) World AIDS Day Report 2012, reported a 50% reduction
in HIV incidence
in
25 LMICs between 2001 and 2011
In Sub- Saharan Africa, the number of newly infected children declined by 24% between 2009 and 2011
…new strategy…..
HIV/AIDS: progress in control
Slide142
The importance of accelerating access to diagnosis, treatment,
and
viral suppression
as significant elements in ending the epidemic has prompted the
UNAIDS in 2014 to release the HIV 90-90-90 target. The 90-90-90 target states that by 2020, 90% of individuals living with HIV will know their HIV status, 90% of people with diagnosed HIV infection will receive antiretroviral treatment (ART), and 90% of those taking ART will be virally suppressed.
New strategy for AIDS controlSlide143
Data has been obtained from 82 countries between 2010 - 2016, representing
33.8 million (92%) of the 2015 global estimate of PLHIV
.
Of
the 82 countries, only Sweden has achieved the 90-90-90 target. Data on PLHIV diagnosed
were available for
51 of 82
countries, data for those on
ART
indicator for
80 of 82
countries, and data for
viral suppression
for
53 of 82
countries.
The
90-90-90
targetSlide144
Care continua with viral suppression estimates were available in the public domain from only nine countries in sub-Saharan Africa (Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, and Zimbabwe), representing only
35% of the 2015 HIV
burden
.
More effective initiatives are needed for Sub Saharan Africa ….The 90-90-90 target in AfricaSlide145
Tuberculosis is the second greatest killer worldwide due to a single infectious agent
after HIV/AIDS
.It
kills nearly
1.7 million people annually, most of them in their prime productive years. Over 95% of TB deaths occur in LMICs with the highest burden in Africa and Asia.
Socioeconomic burden of tuberculosis (TB) in Afri
ca
Slide146
Africa has 24% of the world’s TB cases, and the
highest rates of cases and deaths per capita
.
The emergence of
drug resistant strains, the spread of HIV/AIDS, enhanced susceptibility to tuberculosis, as well as
the growing number of
refugees and displaced
peoples
TB burden in AfricaSlide147Slide148
Although the MDG target to halt and reverse the TB epidemic by
2015
is already achieved, the disease burden remains enormous with
resurgence
in many areas due to HIV/AIDS.An estimated 13% of the TB cases in 2011 were co-infected with HIV and 430,000 deaths were among the HIV-positive population
Deadly combination: TB and HIV/AIDSlide149
The burden of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis has evolved in several tuberculosis-endemic countries. Approximately 20% of tuberculosis isolates globally are estimated to be resistant to at least
one major drug
(first-line or group A or B second-line), with approximately 10% resistant to isoniazid.
MDR and XDR burdenSlide150
WHO has defined multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis as resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, when first-line therapy is unlikely to cure the disease and a switch to a second-line drug regimen is recommended.
XDR
TB is defined as
drug-incurable
or totally drug-resistant tuberculosis. MDR and XDR burdenSlide151
Malaria continues to have a severe socioeconomic impact in Sub Saharan Africa and a major impediment to health, where it frequently takes its greatest toll on very young children and pregnant women.
A
child dies every minute
from malaria in Africa where it is estimated that
9 out of 10 malaria deaths occur.The socioeconomic burden of Malaria in
AfricaSlide152
The consensus view of recent studies and reviews is that malaria causes at least 20% of all deaths in children under- 5 years of age in Africa
Malaria
can also be spread to the fetus during pregnancy as well as before and/or during
childbirth resulting the so
called congenital malaria which can cause infant death and low birth weight.
20% of all child death in AfricaSlide153
First, an overwhelming acute infection, which frequently presents as seizures or coma (cerebral malaria), Second, repeated malaria infections contribute to the development of
severe
anaemia
,
which substantially increases the risk of death. Third, low birth weight, frequently the consequence of malaria infection in pregnant women, is the major risk factor for death in the first month of life.
How does it kill childrenSlide154
Repeated malaria infections make young children more susceptible to other common childhood illnesses, such as diarrhoea and respiratory infections
, and thus contribute indirectly to
mortality
How does it kill childrenSlide155
It is one of the causes of household poverty because it results in absenteeism from the daily activities of productive living and income generationMalaria also continues to prevent many
school children from attending school due to illness,
diminishing their capacity to realize their full potential.
Children
who survive malaria may suffer long-term consequences of the infection. Perpetuate poverty and ignoranceSlide156
Demographic and health surveys (DHS) indicate that less than 40% of malaria morbidity and mortality is seen in formal health
facilities in
Sub-saharan
Africa.
In 2013, there were 528 000 deaths from malaria and about 78% of these were children under 5 years of age. In 2015, 88% of global cases and 90% of global deaths were still in the Africa
uncontainable burden in AfricaSlide157
In all malaria-endemic countries in Africa, 25–40% of all outpatient clinic visits had been for malaria.
In
these same countries, between
20% and 50% of all hospital admissions
are a consequence of malaria uncontainable burden in AfricaSlide158
factors accounting for the continued malaria burden in Africa, include:Climate
changes, poverty, weak
health and public infrastructures,
emerging drug and insecticide resistance, massive population and demographic shifts, and high costs of containment and therapy.
Factors accounting for the continued burdenSlide159
However, due to concerted and highly scaled efforts in the fight against malaria between 2000 and 2015, the number of malaria cases declined by
42%
while the malaria death rate declined by
66%
in the Africa.Despite these successes made by new effective measures the malaria burden is still startling
Recent progress in controlSlide160
The reduction of malaria burden is due to:Improved
availability and use of
insecticide-treated nets (ITNs)
, Diagnosis-based treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT),
Engagement
of communities in malaria
control,
Strengthening
capacity in vector control
New effective measuresSlide161
Insecticide-treated nets (INTs) are highly effective in reducing malaria mortality in young children. They are low- cost and highly effective way of reducing the incidence of malaria in people who sleep under them, and they have been conclusively shown in a series of trials to substantially reduce child mortality in malaria-endemic areas of Africa
Insecticide-treated nets (INTs)Slide162Slide163
Almost all malaria-endemic African countries now have active programs under way to encourage ITN use, and most of these countries support a variety of different mechanisms to increase net coverage.
ITNs
and the insecticide to treat them can now be purchased in small shops and markets and even on street corners in many endemic African countries.
Insecticide-treated nets (INTs)Slide164
Major efforts are now being made in several African countries to provide subsidized ITNs to the most vulnerable groups, young children and pregnant women. New technological developments promise nets that will retain insecticidal activity for many years,
and novel ways of encouraging regular net treatment with insecticide should make it possible to increase the proportion of nets that are effectively treated
Insecticide-treated nets (INTs)Slide165
WHO prompted industry to develop long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), ready-to-use, factory-pretreated nets that require no further treatment during their expected lifespan of 4–5 years.
LLIN
is already commercially available and the
current price
is around US$ 5 per net, The Roll Back Malaria (RBM) partnership is facilitating technology transfer and stimulating local production of LLINs in Africa
long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs
)Slide166
Antimalarial drug resistance has become one of the greatest challenges in malaria treatment.Since the
1980s,
parasite resistance to
chloroquine
, the cheapest and most widely available antimalarial drug, has emerged as a major challenge since it has lost its clinical effectiveness in most parts of Africa….
Antimalarial drug resistanceSlide167
Unfortunately, resistance to the most common replacement drug, sulfadoxine–
pyrimethamine
, has also emerged, especially in Eastern and Southern
Africa
WHO recommends artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), which is highly efficacious and promises to delay emergence of resistance….??. Antimalarial drug resistanceSlide168
Home-based management of fever (HBMF) is a promising strategy for improving the coverage of prompt effective treatmentRecent studies indicate that home treatment, supported by public information and pre- packaging (as an aid, to ensure that patients take the full treatment course at the right time), can help to reduce malaria mortality in
children….
Many publications…
Home-based management of fever (HBMF)Slide169
One of the adopted approaches is mass drug administration (MDA) which involves the time-limited distribution of drugs to a target population, irrespective of infection status. It
has been used
only sporadically
against malaria in most settings, and cluster-randomized trials
Mass drug administration (MDA)Slide170
In September, 2015, WHO’s Malaria Policy Advisory Committee recommended for the first time the use of MDA in specific circumstances: When
transmission is close to being interrupted, vector control, effective surveillance, and access to case management are at high coverage, and importation of infection is minimal
Mass drug administration (MDA)Slide171
It can also be applied in areas which are under threat of multidrug resistance, or for malaria epidemics or during complex
emergencies.
Mass drug administration (MDA)Slide172
During the last thirty years scientists have been working hard to get long lasting vaccines for malaria without any real success so far. Recently
, a
partially protective vaccine candidate, RTS,S,
has been in
trialsPhase IIb trial in Mozambique found that the vaccine offered partial protection for young children, cutting their risk of severe malaria by 58%.....
Malaria vaccinesSlide173
P. falciparum infection during pregnancy is estimated to cause an estimated 75 000 to 200 000 infant deaths each year. Despite
the toll that malaria exacts on pregnant women and their infants, this was,
until recently, a relatively neglected problem, with less than 5% of pregnant women having access to effective
interventions in Africa.
Malaria burden during pregnancySlide174
For many years WHO recommended that pregnant women in malaria endemic areas should receive an initial antimalarial treatment dose on their first contact with antenatal services, followed by weekly chemoprophylaxis…
Malaria burden during pregnancySlide175
In 2000, the WHO Expert Committee on Malaria recommended that intermittent preventive treatment (IPT)
with an effective, preferably
one- dose
, antimalarial drug, should be made available as
a routine part of antenatal care to women in their first and second pregnancies in highly endemic areas.Malaria burden during pregnancySlide176
This strategy provides at least two treatment doses of an effective antimalarial at routine antenatal clinics to all pregnant women living in areas at risk of endemic falciparum malaria
At present,
sulfadoxine
–
pyrimethamine (SP), given at a therapeutic dose, is the single- dose antimalarial with the best overall effectiveness for prevention of malaria in pregnancy in areas with high transmission, and low resistance to SP.
Intermittent
preventive treatment (IPT)Slide177
Studies in Kenya and Malawi have shown that IPT with at least two treatment doses of SP is highly effective in reducing the proportion of women with anaemia and placental malaria infection at delivery.
intermittent preventive treatment (IPT)Slide178
Government annual spending on all health care is low in most African countries, typically less than US$ 15 per person
.
The
costs of
malaria control are high: artemisinin-based combination drugs to treat resistant malaria are likely to cost US$ 1–3 per treatment, and ITNs cost around US$ 5.
Most of the costs of preventing and treating malaria in Africa today are in fact borne by people themselves which may contribute to
poverty
High cost managementSlide179
During the 1950s and 1960s, the malaria eradication campaign successfully eliminated the disease in countries with temperate climates and in some countries where malaria transmission was low or moderateThe emergence of
drug and insecticide resistance,
coupled with concerns about the feasibility and sustainability of tackling malaria in areas with
weak infrastructure and high transmission
, brought an end to the eradication era…….control…
Control versus eradicationSlide180
In the last three decades the international community began to appreciate that the malaria burden was unacceptably high and worsening, particularly in Africa
, and that real reductions in malaria mortality and morbidity were possible with
existing but
under used
tools and strategies.Malaria controlSlide181
Many stakeholders have already been involved in malaria control.Formal partnerships have been created and a statement of intent issued, indicating what will be achieved, and how. Resources
have been mobilized from partners and systems are set up to monitor achievements in
rolling back malaria
.
Malaria control alliancesSlide182
In 1992, malaria control was re-established as a global health priority by a Conference of Ministers of Health held in AmsterdamBetween1991-1998 malaria control expertise and capacity were expanded and strengthened, particularly in Africa, especially through the project for
Accelerated Implementation of Malaria Control
Partnership on malaria controlSlide183
The Multilateral Initiative on Malaria formed by WHO/TDR in 1997 ….
In1998 the
Roll Back Malaria (RBM)
Partnership was launched and
consensus on the core technical strategies for tacking malaria establishedIn 2000 the United Nations declared 2001–2010 the Decade to Roll Back Malaria in developing countries, particularly in Africa
The Multilateral Initiative on
Malaria,
WHO/TDR Slide184
The goal of Roll Back Malaria has been to halve the burden of malaria by 2010.
Targets
for
specific intervention strategies
were established at the Abuja Malaria Summit, April 2000, attended by heads of states in a historic meeting,Heads of states expressed their personal commitments
to tackling malaria and to establish targets for implementing the technical strategies to Roll Back Malaria.
Roll Back MalariaSlide185
Roll Back Malaria has been supporting efforts to improve the early recognition of, and effective and timely response to, malaria epidemics
Indoor
residual spraying
which plays an important role in malaria vector control, especially in the control of epidemics. Roll Back MalariaSlide186
Malaria early warning systems have been established in Southern Africa to improve outbreak detection and response and are being developed in other epidemic-prone parts of Africa. Prompt
access to effective treatment, Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), Prevention and control of malaria in pregnant women, Malaria epidemic and emergency response
Roll Back MalariaSlide187
The African heads of states participating in the Abuja Summit agreed that by the year 2005 at least 60% of those suffering from malaria should have
prompt access to and be
able to use correct, affordable, and appropriate treatment within 24 hours of the onset of
symptoms
Abuja Summit commitmentSlide188
Back Malaria (RBM) targets to achieve a 75% reduction in malaria cases by 2015, as compared to those in 2000. Fifteen epidemic-prone countries have developed a preparedness plan of action.
Very good progress was made through
RBM simple strategies in most malaria endemic countries
New targets….
2017 onwards….RBM targets 2000-2015Slide189
The new targets of RBM Partners declared shall be to work together to support achievement of the following goals
by 2020:
Malaria
mortality rates and incidence is reduced by at least 40% compared with 2015. Malaria does not re-emerge in countries that were malaria-free in 2015.
The
new
targets of RBM
Partners (2017)Slide190
Malaria is eliminated in a further 10 countries in 2020 compared to 2015
By
2030
malaria
incidence and mortality rates are reduced globally by at least 90% compared with 2015 levels
The
new
targets of RBM Partners (
2017)Slide191
In 2030 elimination of malaria from at least 35 countries in which malaria was transmitted in 2015,
Prevent
re-establishment of malaria
in all countries
that are malaria freeThe new targets of RBM Partners (
2017)Slide192
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) was established 2001It is a major new source of grant funding
for tackling malaria in
Africa
The
endemic countries have been awarded a total of US$ 256 million for an initial two years to scale up malaria control activities….Malinda and Gate foundation….
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (
GFATM)Slide193
1- WHO estimates that 2.4 billion people still lack basic sanitation facilities such as toilets and latrines, while more than 660 million
continue to drink water from “unimproved” sources, such as surface water
.
2-The lack of robust, sustained international and domestic financingChallenges in fight against EDsSlide194
3- Inadequate performance of health systems in most of affected African countries
.
4- Many
of the people who harbor infections remain
asymptomatic or undiagnosed and act as potential reservoirs. 5- In some parts of Africa, vector-control tools cannot effectively protect against a disease given the diversity of vectors and the differences in their behaviors
Challenges in fight against EDsSlide195
6- The emergence of resistance to medicines and insecticides is major concern. New combinations of drugs and innovative, faster-acting medicines with fewer side-effects are needed. The
lack of financial incentives for pharmaceutical companies has tended to discourage research and development in the area of endemic
diseases in poor countries..
Challenges in fight against EDsSlide196
7- Lack of capacity to implement effective surveillance and monitoring compromises getting reliable data which is needed to expose coverage inequities, and to make sure whether people receive the services they need, and also takes into account the quality of services provided, and
the ultimate impact on health.
Challenges in fight against EDsSlide197
8- Disruptive armed conflicts in many African countries9-
Barriers
to accessing needed health services that range from
poverty
to stigmatization.10- Once you move towards elimination, communities
forget the burden of the contained disease.
We have to remind the community to
remain alert and report cases to make sure that the diseases could not come back.
Challenges in fight against EDsSlide198
11- Eliminating transmission of NTDs and ensuring that the delivery of health services meets the needs of those still living with NTD-related disease.
12-
Lack
of a strong political voice
. People affected by endemic diseases in Africa are generally overlookedChallenges in fight against EDsSlide199
13- How to overcome endemic zoonotic diseases through strategies of veterinary public health activities and the One Health approach which recognizes that the health of people is connected to the health of animals and the environment.
Challenges in fight against EDsSlide200
NGOs including the Federation of Islamic Medical Associations (FIMA) and Turkish Foundations can have influential role in
building capacity
of local communities in Africa to fight endemic diseases.
They
can be involved in programs to empower community-based delivery of medical and health services
Role of NGOs and Turkish GovernmentSlide201
This is to be achieved in close collaboration with official bodies involved in health service provision, and with other stakeholders already exerting appreciable efforts to control or eradicate endemic diseases in Africa
Role of NGOs and Turkish GovernmentSlide202
The Turkish government can help in establishing centers of excellence for research and training on endemic diseases control in several African countries. These
centers can carry
epidemiological studies on prevalence, vulnerability and spread of endemic diseases in Africa using modern technological tools
.
Centers of excellence for research and training in AfricaSlide203
Such studies can give solid data on the magnitude and perception of the burden of the endemic diseases in Africa. The centers can help in
the design and availability of effective and practical interventions to combat endemic disease
C
enters
of excellence for research and training in AfricaSlide204
Such interventions could include research on vaccines or other primary preventive measures,
curative treatments with new effective drugs
, or new means of
eliminating vectors
. Ideally, interventions should be effective, safe, inexpensive, long-lasting, and easily deployed. C
enters
of excellence for research and
training in AfricaSlide205
Carter center has demonstrated feasibility of elimination of endemic diseases by mobilizing efforts of many stakeholders. Also
the generous funding by
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
has made real appreciable difference in the fight against endemic diseases in Africa
.KAMRI, AMRI, Nogouchi institute….
Carter Center and othersSlide206
Many Islamic countries are active in relief operations to disasters in poor countries...It is better to prevent disasters before they occur and prevail….Thus, I call upon
relatively wealthy Islamic countries such Turkey to make a
move
in collaboration with FIMA and others to establish centers of excellence in Africa bearing in mind the majority of the affected people in Africa are Muslims.
FIMA and Turkish GovernmentSlide207
Thank you for listening