eAD KAIST Industrial and Systems Engineering Mijeong Shin James Morrison and Hyo Won Suh IDETCCIE 2010 DETC2010VIB29171 CONTENTS Background Necessity and Trend of EcoDesign ID: 791070
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Slide1
METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT ENVIRONMENTALLT AWARE PRODUCT DESIGN USING AXIOMATIC DESIGN: eAD+
KAIST, Industrial and Systems EngineeringMijeong Shin, James Morrison and Hyo Won Suh
IDETC/CIE 2010
DETC2010/VIB-29171
Slide2CONTENTS
BackgroundNecessity and Trend of Eco-DesignPrevious ApproachesProposed Approach (eAD+)Methodology Flow diagramComparisons to Other MethodologiesMethodologies
Axiomatic Design Based MethodologyStructured Eco-FR & Eco-DP
Feedback Mechanism from Environmental AnalysisAugmented Design Matrix
Example (Case Studies : Mobile phone, Stapler, Flash light)
Concluding remarks
Slide3Necessity and trend of eco-design
World’s development paradigms are rapidly changingSustainability becomes main driver of new paradigm[1] Jovane, F., Yoshikawa, H., Alting
, L., Boer, C. R., Westkamper, E., Williams, D., Tseng, M., Seliger
, G. and Paci, A. M.,
2008, “The Incoming Global Technological and Industrial Revolution towards Competitive Sustainable Manufacturing”, CIRP Annals, pp. 641-659
[1]
Slide4Necessity and trend of eco-design
Consumer sophistication regarding environmental issues has increased International regulations for environmental emissions have become more strict Need for product designs that satisfy international regulations and meet consumer’s environmental expectations
Slide5For
proactive eco-design, eco-factors should be considered early in the design processPrevious approaches
( Reactive redesign )
Slide6Previous approaches
( Reactive redesign )Proactive eco-design
- Eco
Needs
Formal
Method
- LCT/LCA
Slide7Proposed Approach: eAD
+eAD+ methodology follows the essentials of Axiomatic DesignTo manage couplings between eco-factors and product design parameters : Axiomatic design theory -> Supporting domain of design -> Encouraging innovative alternatives
-> Insensitive to iterative design changes However, it has some different points:
Pre-made and structured eco-FRs and eco-DPs : Eco-FRs and Eco-DPs libraries
Using feedback mechanism, design can be affected by eco-analysis result directly
: LCT/LCA to Re-design
Environmental effects of each DP are quantitatively estimated
: Augmented Design Matrix
Slide8Comparisons to other methodologies
[1][1] Integration of Sustainability Into Early Design Through the Function Impact Matrix, Devanathan S, Ramanujan D, Bernstein WZ, Zhao F, Ramani
K, 2010, Journal of Mechanical Design
eAD+ methodology flow
Eco-Factors
&
Axiomatic
Design
LCT/LCA
AD+
(Aug DM)
LCA
LCA
Slide10Axiomatic design theory
“Axiomatic Design (AD) theory is a systems design methodology using matrix methods to systematically analyze the transformation of CN into FR, DP and PV”
[1]
Customer Needs (CN
): Voice of the customer
(all stakeholders including eco-stakeholder)
Functional Requirement (FR): Functions that a design must provide
- goals
Design Parameter (DP): Solution for each FRs (e.g. concept, component, process…)
- methods
Constraints
& Selection Criteria
Axiom 1: Maintain
independence
of the FRs
There is only one DP for each FR
[1] Axiomatic Design, N. P.
Suh
, 2002
-> Supporting domain of design
-> Encouraging innovative alternatives
-> Insensitive to iterative design changes
Slide11Eco-FR and Eco-DP list
Eco-customer needs were collected from literature surveyY. Zhang, H. –P. Wang, C. Zhang, “Green QFD-II-: a life cycle approach for environmentally conscious manufacturing by integrating LCA and LCC into QFD matrices”, International Journal of Production Research, 1999, vol. 37, No. 5, 1075-1091K. Masui, T. Sakao, A. Inaba, “Quality function deployment for environment QFDE”, IEEE, 2001, 852-857T. Hur, J. Lee, J.
Ryu, E. Kwon, “Simplified LCA and matrix methods identifying the environmental aspects of a product system”, Journal of Environmental Management, 2005, 229-237
P. Park, K. Lee, “Development of an ecodesign method for electronics products and application to mobile phone”, Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineering, 2004, Vol. 26
17 companies’ web pages and environmental reports
Slide12Eco-FR and Eco-DP list
2004 OECD key environmental indicatorsClimate change: CO2 and greenhouse has emission intensitiesOzone layer: Ozone depleting substancesAir quality: SOx and NOx emission intensitiesWaste generation: municipal waste generation intensitiesFreshwater quality: waste water treatment connection ratesFreshwater resources: intensity of use of water resources
Forest resources: intensity of use of forest resourcesFish resources: intensity of use of fish resourcesEnergy resources: Intensity of energy use
Biodiversity: Threatened species
Slide13Eco-FR and Eco-DP list
Environmental benchmarking parametersEcodesign strategies for electronic products
Source: P. Park,
K. Lee,
“Development of an
ecodesign
method for electronics products and application to mobile phone”, Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineering, 2004, Vol. 26
Slide14Eco-FR and Eco-DP list
Preserve material Design for disassembly Reduce weight Save Energy Improve logistics Battery-free product Reduce amount of liquid residues Eliminate cleaning process
Reduce emission …
~100 eco-CNs for the eco-stakeholders
CNs are simply things the stakeholder-thinks they want
NOTE
:
There is generally little/no structure to CNs - They can include goals, methods, constraints, feelings, contradictions - unstructured
Slide15Eco-FR and Eco-DP list
FRs are goalsDPs are methodsWhat goals can we find to satisfy the eco-stakeholder?Eco-CNs may be categorized in 3 classes
- Less emission
- Less amount of liquid residues
Slide16Eco-FR and Eco-DP list
Slide17Eco-FR and Eco-DP list
* FRs which are directly related with LCA index**
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Life Cycle
Slide18Eco-FR and
Eco-DP listEco-FR and eco-DP are intended to serve as a reference for the designer They can be readily incorporated into the design process
Possible DPs
-
-
FRs
Slide19Feedback mechanism from eco-analysis
Direct feedback mechanism from eco-analysis result to the design processUsing relationships between LCT/LCA index and Eco-FR, LCT/LCA result can be linked with augmented design matrix
Slide20Feedback mechanism from eco-analysis
LCT/LCA
Values
DPs
FRs
Slide21Augmented design matrix
A design might have several couplingsEach coupling has different effects on customer/eco satisfactionIn practice, eliminating all couplings might be very difficult due to technology, time or resource limitation
Augmented DM
Using weighted DP, critical coupling can be defined
Effective
and
efficient
design process is possible
*
Augmented Design Matrix is inspired by House of Quality in Quality Function Deployment (QFD) methodology
Slide22Augmented design matrix
Environmental analysis results are mapped to FR and FR weight are mapped to DPFinally, critical DP which has the worse effect on the environment will be identified
Critical coupling is identified!
Slide23Augmented design matrix
Slide24Augmented design matrix (ADM)
Normally, whether there is a coupling or not is indicated on the design matrix (not the magnitude of coupling)In ADM, specific numbers are used to express magnitude of couplingsUsing those numbers, result of environmental analysis can be mapped to FR and each DP’s environmental effects are quantitatively calculated
Designer can easily see which part has the worst effect on the environment
Slide25Case Study 1 – mobile phone
Objective: design eco-friendly mobile phoneStart with existing mobile phone design, modify the design specifications using eAD+ methodologyUsing this activity, we can verify the effectiveness of eAD+ methodology for designing eco-friendly product
Samsung Electronics
SPH-C2300
Slide26eAD+ methodology flow
LCALCA
Slide27LCA (Life Cycle Assessemt
) LCA(Life Cycle Assessment
)
2.
Analyze inventory
3.
Evaluate effect
4.
Interpret result
Methane
SO
2
GW
AD
1. Set objective and range
Slide28LCI DB (PASS, Korean Government)
Material
Category
Unit
Total
PP (1kg)
Crude oil
Raw
g
1.200E+03
CO
2
Air
g
1.800E+03
NO
x
Air
g
1.000E+01
SO
x
Air
g
1.100E+01
VOC
Air
g
9.600E+00
Stainless steel (1kg)
Crude oil
Raw
g
2.940E+02
Coal
Raw
g
7.790E+02
Chromium
Raw
g
2.030E+02
Iron (ore)
Raw
g
6.550E+02
CO
2
Air
g
3.650E+03
Electricity (1kWh)
Coal
Raw
g
4.950E+01
CO
2
Air
g
2.900E+02
Methane
Air
g
5.320E-01
SO
x
Air
g
1.180E+00
Transport
(4.5t Truck, 60km/h, ton.km)
Crude oil
Raw
g
2.948E-02
CO
Air
g
3.592E-05
CO
2
Air
g
9.148E-02
HC
Air
g
6.350E-04
NO
x
Air
g
1.239E-03
Incineration (20%)
(1kg waste)
Coal
Raw
g
1.610E-01
Crude oil
Raw
g
7.020E-01
CO
2
Air
g
3.560E+00
NO
x
(as NO
2
)
Air
g
1.270E-01
Landfill (30%)
(1kg waste)
Crude oil
Raw
g
9.540E-01
CO
2
Air
g
1.870E+01
Methane
Air
g
1.970E+00
SO
x
(as SO
2
)
Air
g
3.240E-02
Recycling (50%)
(1kg waste)
Coal
Raw
g
7.880E+00
Crude oil
Raw
g
-7.490E+01
Iron (ore)
Raw
g
-3.020E+02
CO
2
Air
g
-2.000E+02
Natural Rubber(1kg)SOxAirg7.597E-01Crude oilRawg5.475E+01CO2Rawg1.800E+02NOxAirg2.661E+00VOCAirg5.201E-01CODWaterg1.000E+01Natural gasAirg4.752E+00COAirg6.181E-01
Material
Category
Unit
Total
Aluminum
(1kg)
CO
2
Air
g
1.790E+03
Crude oil
Raw
g
4.120E+02
Coal
Raw
g
3.840E+02
NO
x
Air
g
9.430E+00
SO
x
Air
g
6.620E+00
VOC
Air
g
1.160E+00
Methane
Air
g
1.990E+00
PCB (1kg)
Copper ore (35%)
Raw
g
5.611E+04
CO
2
Air
g
1.002E+04
Coal
Raw
g
1.302E+03
Crude oil
Raw
g
1.060E+03
COD
Water
g
2.475E+02
BOD
Water
g
1.494E+02
Li-ion Battery
(1EA)
CO
2
Air
g
2.272E+02
Natural gas
Air
g
1.185E+02
Coal
Raw
g
3.574E+01
Crude oil
Raw
g
1.212E+01
SO
x
Air
g
5.318E-01
NO
x
Air
g
4.540E-01
Methane
Air
g
3.057E-01
LCD (1kg)
Crude oil
Raw
g
2.760E+03
CO
2
Air
g
5.400E+03
NO
x
Air
g
2.400E+01
SO
x
Air
g
1.980E+01
VOC
Air
g
1.440E+01
BOD
Water
g
4.483E+02
COD
Water
g
4.950E+02
Plastic Extrusion
(1kg)
CO
2
Air
g
2.186E+02
Coal
Air
g
7.880E+01
Natural gas
Air
g
1.010E+01
Crude oil
Raw
g
9.761E+00
SO
x
Air
g
7.310E-01
NO
x
Air
g
5.350E-01
Press Process
(3500T)
CO
2
Air
g
1.878E-01
Coal
Raw
g
6.768E-02
Natural gas
Air
g
8.674E-03
Crude oil
Raw
g
8.463E-03
CO
Air
g
1.870E-02
SO
x
Air
g
6.280E-04
NO
x
Air
g
4.600E-04
Slide29Upstream processFrom raw material acquisition to part manufacturing
Parameter
Housing
Raw material
aqusition
Part manufacturing
Sum
PP
STEEL
RUBBER
AL
PE
Press
Electricity
Part
FRT Panel
Slide UPR
Slide LWR
Back Panel
Inner Panel
Slide UPR Panel
PCB 2 Plate
Metal(screws)
Key Pad
Number Pad
Key Pad Ring
PP
STEEL
(kWh)
Mass (g)
9.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
3.0
6.0
5.0
1.5
0.5
1.0
0.5
34.0
12.5
1.0
Crude oil
1.080E+01
9.600E+00
7.200E+00
9.600E+00
3.600E+00
1.764E+00
1.470E+00
1.800E+00
2.738E-02
5.475E-02
2.060E-01
3.319E-01
1.058E-04
4.645E+01
Coal
4.674E+00
3.895E+00
1.169E+00
1.920E-01
2.679E+00
8.460E-04
4.950E+01
6.211E+01
Chromium
1.218E+00
1.015E+00
3.045E-01
2.538E+00
Iron
3.930E+00
3.275E+00
9.825E-01
8.188E+00
CO
2
1.620E+01
1.440E+01
1.080E+01
1.440E+01
5.400E+00
2.190E+01
1.825E+01
5.475E+00
9.002E-02
1.800E-01
8.950E-01
7.433E+00
2.347E-03
2.900E+02
4.054E+02
Methane
9.950E-04
1.084E-04
5.320E-01
5.331E-01
CO
3.090E-04
6.181E-04
2.338E-04
1.161E-03
VOC
8.640E-02
7.680E-025.760E-027.680E-022.880E-02 2.601E-045.201E-045.800E-04 3.278E-01NOx9.000E-02
8.000E-02
6.000E-02
8.000E-02
3.000E-02
1.331E-03
2.661E-03
4.715E-03
1.819E-02
5.750E-06
3.669E-01
SO
x
9.900E-02
8.800E-02
6.600E-02
8.800E-02
3.300E-02
3.798E-04
7.597E-04
3.310E-03
2.485E-02
7.850E-06
1.180E+00
1.583E+00
COD
5.001E-03
1.000E-02
1.500E-02
Natural gas
2.376E-03
4.752E-03
3.433E-01
3.504E-01
Copper ore
BOD
From raw material acquisition to part manufacturing
ParameterElectronics
Battery
Total
Sum
Raw material aqusition
Part M.
Sum
Raw material aqusition
Part M.
Sum
PCB
LCD
Electricity
PP
PCB
PACK
PE
Electricity
Part
PCB 1
PCB 2
LCD
(kWh)
Battery Housing
PCB Battery
PACK
PP
(kWh)
Mass (g)
5.0
5.0
10.0
2.5
7.0
4.0
15.0
7.0
2.0
Crude oil
5.298E+00
5.298E+00
2.760E+01
3.820E+01
8.400E+00
4.238E+00
1.817E-01
6.833E-02
1.289E+01
9.754E+01
Coal
6.511E+00
6.511E+00
1.238E+02
1.368E+02
5.209E+00
5.361E-01
5.516E-01
9.900E+01
1.053E+02
3.042E+02
Chromium
2.538E+00
Iron
8.188E+00
CO
2
5.009E+01
5.009E+01
5.400E+01
7.250E+02
8.792E+02
1.260E+01
4.007E+01
3.409E+00
1.530E+00
5.800E+02
6.376E+02
1.922E+03
Methane
1.330E+00
1.330E+00
4.585E-03
1.064E+00
1.069E+00
2.932E+00
CO
1.161E-03
VOC
1.440E-01
1.440E-01
6.720E-02
6.720E-02
5.390E-01
NO
x
2.400E-01
2.400E-01
7.000E-02
6.810E-03
3.745E-03
8.055E-02
6.875E-01
SO
x 1.980E-012.950E+003.148E+007.700E-02 7.977E-035.117E-032.360E+002.450E+007.181E+00COD1.238E+001.238E+004.950E+00 7.425E+00
9.900E-01
9.900E-018.430E+00Natural gas 1.778E+007.067E-02 1.848E+002.199E+00Copper ore2.805E+022.805E+02 5.611E+02 2.244E+02 2.244E+027.855E+02BOD7.472E-017.472E-014.483E+00 5.978E+00 5.978E-01 5.978E-016.576E+00
Upstream
process
Slide31Upstream LCA Result
Slide32Downstream process
ParameterManufacture
Delivery
Use
Disposal
Electricity
Delivery
Electricity
Incineration(20%)
Landfill(30%)
Recycling(50%)
Sum
Crude oil
1.393E-03
1.084E+02
6.634E-02
9.015E-02
-7.078E+00
-6.922E+00
Coal
3.465E+01
1.521E-02
7.447E-01
7.599E-01
Chromium
Iron
-7.078E+00
-7.078E+00
CO
2
2.030E+02
4.323E-03
6.351E+02
3.364E-01
1.767E+00
-1.890E+01
-1.680E+01
Methane
3.724E-01
1.165E+00
1.862E-01
1.862E-01
CO
1.697E-06
VOC
NO
x
5.854E-05
1.200E-02
1.200E-02
SO
x
8.260E-01
2.584E+00
3.062E-03
3.062E-03
COD
Natural gas
Copper ore
BOD
HC
3.000E-05
Characterization
InventoryLoadi
GW
AD
EU
POC
ARD
(g CO
2
eq/fu)
(g SO
2
eq/fu)
(g PO
4
3-
eq/fu)
(g ethene eq/fu)
(g/fu yr)
eqv
i,j
CI
i,j
eqv
i,j
CI
i,j
eqv
i,j
CI
i,j
eqv
i,j
CI
i,j
eqv
i,j
CI
i,j
Crude oil
1.99E+02
2.48E-02
4.94E+00
Coal
3.40E+02
3.44E-03
1.17E+00
Chromium
2.54E+00
3.81E-03
9.67E-03
Iron
1.11E+00
7.21E-03
8.00E-03
CO
2
2.74E+03
1.00E+00
2.74E+03
Methane
4.66E+00
2.30E+01
1.07E+02
6.00E-03
2.79E-02
CO
1.16E-03
2.70E-02
3.14E-05
VOC
5.39E-01
4.16E-01
2.24E-01
NO
x
7.00E-01
7.00E-01
4.90E-01
1.30E-01
9.09E-02
2.80E-02
1.96E-02
SO
x
1.06E+01
1.00E+00
1.06E+01
Sum 2.85E+03 1.11E+01 9.09E-02 2.72E-01 6.12E+00
Slide34Normalization
ReferenceYear : 1995Global population : 5,675,675,676Regional population (East china region) : 45,093,000
E. Effect
Ni
NI
i
(pe.yr/fu)
Boundary
Ref.Value
Unit
GW
Global
5.66E+06
g CO
2
eq/pe.yr
5.04E-04
AD
Regional
5.64E+04
g SO
2
eq/pe.yr
1.97E-04
EU
Regional
8.90E+03
g SO
4
3-
eq/pe.yr
1.02E-05
POC
Regional
7.37E+03
g ethene eq/pe.yr
3.69E-05
ARD
Global
1.87E+04
g/pe.yr
2
3.27E-04
Slide35Total LCA Result
Slide36Reference
Year : 1995Global population : 5,675,675,676Regional population (East china region) : 45,093,000
Initial Design
Redesign
E. Effect
NI
i
(pe.yr/fu)
NI
i
(pe.yr/fu)
GW
5.04E-04
4.13E-04
AD
1.97E-04
1.83E-04
EU
1.02E-05
9.91E-06
POC
3.69E-05
3.54E-05
ARD
3.27E-04
3.01E-04
Redesigned
LCA Result
Slide37Redesign
Initial DesignRedesigned LCA Result
Slide38Example – mobile phone
Back PanelBatteryFRT panel
Inner Panel
Key Pad
Number Pad
LCD
PCB 1
PCB 2
PCB 2 plate
Slide LWR
Slide UPR
Slide UPR Panel
Bolts & Plastics
Slide39Example – mobile phone
Samsung ElectronicsSPH-C2300
Slide40Example – mobile phone
PhonePhone typeSlideSize (mm)93(L) X 46(W) X 16.9(H)
Weight(g)
94.9
LCD size (main)
2.0 inch
LCD Color (main)
262K
Color
LCD resolution (main)
176 X 220
Body color
Black
Battery
Capacity
800mAh
Type
Li-ion polymer
Voltage
3.7
V
Samsung Electronics
SPH-C2300
Slide41Example – mobile phone
Eco-FR
Slide42Example – mobile phone
Eco-FR
Slide43Example – mobile phone
GW value is mapped to FR 4.1ARD value is mapped to FR 5.1
Slide44Example – mobile phone
In the detailed design, augmented design matrix looks exactly same as LCA
However, in the conceptual design, we cannot get LCA value because of lack of detailed design specificationsIn the conceptual level, we can get DP’s environmental effect by assuming coupling magnitude
Slide45Example – mobile phone
Calculate each DP’s environmental effect scoreE.g. DP32 = (FR41) X 2 + (FR51) X 1 = (3.27E-04) X 2 + (5.04E-04) X 1 = 1.16E-03
Slide46Example – mobile phone
Slide LWR
Slide UPR
Slide UPR Panel
Housing
Slide structure
→
Bar type structure
Some parts are used only to maintain slide structure, so these parts can be removed by changing to bar type structure
Reduce amount of material
Slide47Example – mobile phone
BatteryLi-ion battery → Hybrid energy system (solar cell + Li-ion battery)Solar energy is infinite energy sourceReduce energy-providing material consumptionDisplay systemLCD display
→ LED display
LED display consumes less energy that LCD displayReduce energy-providing material consumption
Slide48Example – mobile phone
Couplings were EliminatedAverage of coupling significantly reduced (2.73→
1.64)
Slide49Case Study 2 – stapler
Objective: design eco-friendly staplerConducting design process by another person, we can find out what is missing in the eAD+ methodologyUsing this activity, we could make modified and detailed eAD+ methodology flow
Slide50eAD+ methodology flow
LCALCA
Slide51Example – stapler
Collect customer needsUsing survey and interview
Hold enough number of papers (10 to 20 pages)
Can be removable (easier is better)
Cost should be reasonable
Should maintain condition (hold condition)
Papers should not rotate related to each other
Not too thick
Should not contain hazardous material
Mechanism should be safe to human body
Easy to use
Use with small power
Durable from outside impact
Be eco-friendly
…
Slide52Example – stapler
BenchmarkingIdentify existing staplers’ strengths and weaknesses
Slide53Example – stapler
Benchmarking-environmental analysisFrom environmental analysis, using plastic is better that using steel (in global warming)Data comes from Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
Slide54Example – stapler
Grouping customer needs into categoriesSix categories were used:Functional CNErgonomic CNSafety CNAesthetic CNCost CNEnvironmental CN
Slide55Example – stapler
Examples for each categories
Slide56Example – stapler
Classify grouped CN into FR, C and SCFR: Things you want to achieve or design to addressConstraint: Things which limit
your design
Selection criteria: Things which is better to have
in your product, but you do not want to actively design for it.
Slide57Example – stapler
FR listFR1. Hold papers (general A4 papers, up to 15 pages, secure and safe) FR11. Hold papers together
FR12. Hold papers relative position (rotating angle < 5 degree)
FR13. Hold papers in proper position (do not intrude contents)
FR2. Provide continuously using condition (secure up to 100 times)
FR21. Automatically feed staples
FR22. Reload staples
FR23. Contain staples
FR3. Provide easy using condition to user
FR31. Work easily with human hand (continuously using for 30 times without pain)
FR32. Need small amount of power (<
xF
)
FR4. Preserve environment
FR41. Use less material
FR42. Reduce emission
Slide58Example – stapler
ConstraintSelection criteria
C1. Manufacturing cost should be < 10,000 KRW
C2. Do not contain hazardous material
C3. Should not harm human body
C4. Sound should be < 60dB
SC1. Look pretty
SC2. Durability
SC3. Removable (hold)
SC4. Thickness of held papers
SC5. Portability
SC6. Use for different materials
Slide59Example – stapler
Concept ideation (less steel)Consider FR, three concepts were createdDesign 1Reduce amount of staple materialUse half size stapleDesign 2Use different material for stapleUse plastic staple
Design 3Do not use staple
Use paper twist method
Slide60Example – stapler
Concept selectionUse selection criteria, the best design is selected as a conceptual design
Slide61Example – stapler
Result – conceptual design (design 1 is selected)DP1. Staple mechanism
DP11. Steel staple DP12. Two point holding DP13. Staple position (in 2X2cm)
DP2. Feed mechanism
DP21. Spring feed mechanism
DP22. Reloadable structure
DP23. Magazine
DP3. Ergonomic structure
DP31. Cover structure which fits for human hands
DP32. Spring in the push button
DP4. Eco-friendly stapler
DP41. Half size staple
DP42. Simple structure
Slide62Detailed eAD+ methodology flow
Slide63Example – stapler
Slide64Case Study 3 – flash light
We are also conducting example for eco-friendly flash lightFlash light consumes energy, so it could show whether eAD+ methodology is applicable to energy-related product or not
Slide65Example – flash light
QFD table
Design matrix
CAD drawing
Slide66Concluding remarks
Proactive eco-design must be conducted early in the design processeAD+
Future IssuesStill depending on LCA
Needs existing LCA’s valuesDP-based Evaluation