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METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT ENVIRONMENTALLT AWARE PRODUCT DESIGN USING AXIOMATIC DESIGN: METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT ENVIRONMENTALLT AWARE PRODUCT DESIGN USING AXIOMATIC DESIGN:

METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT ENVIRONMENTALLT AWARE PRODUCT DESIGN USING AXIOMATIC DESIGN: - PowerPoint Presentation

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METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT ENVIRONMENTALLT AWARE PRODUCT DESIGN USING AXIOMATIC DESIGN: - PPT Presentation

eAD KAIST Industrial and Systems Engineering Mijeong Shin James Morrison and Hyo Won Suh IDETCCIE 2010 DETC2010VIB29171 CONTENTS Background Necessity and Trend of EcoDesign ID: 791070

eco design raw air design eco air raw lca environmental mobile crude oil stapler material matrix phone ead coal

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Slide1

METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT ENVIRONMENTALLT AWARE PRODUCT DESIGN USING AXIOMATIC DESIGN: eAD+

KAIST, Industrial and Systems EngineeringMijeong Shin, James Morrison and Hyo Won Suh

IDETC/CIE 2010

DETC2010/VIB-29171

Slide2

CONTENTS

BackgroundNecessity and Trend of Eco-DesignPrevious ApproachesProposed Approach (eAD+)Methodology Flow diagramComparisons to Other MethodologiesMethodologies

Axiomatic Design Based MethodologyStructured Eco-FR & Eco-DP

Feedback Mechanism from Environmental AnalysisAugmented Design Matrix

Example (Case Studies : Mobile phone, Stapler, Flash light)

Concluding remarks

Slide3

Necessity and trend of eco-design

World’s development paradigms are rapidly changingSustainability becomes main driver of new paradigm[1] Jovane, F., Yoshikawa, H., Alting

, L., Boer, C. R., Westkamper, E., Williams, D., Tseng, M., Seliger

, G. and Paci, A. M.,

2008, “The Incoming Global Technological and Industrial Revolution towards Competitive Sustainable Manufacturing”, CIRP Annals, pp. 641-659

[1]

Slide4

Necessity and trend of eco-design

Consumer sophistication regarding environmental issues has increased International regulations for environmental emissions have become more strict Need for product designs that satisfy international regulations and meet consumer’s environmental expectations

Slide5

For

proactive eco-design, eco-factors should be considered early in the design processPrevious approaches

( Reactive redesign )

Slide6

Previous approaches

( Reactive redesign )Proactive eco-design

- Eco

Needs

Formal

Method

- LCT/LCA

Slide7

Proposed Approach: eAD

+eAD+ methodology follows the essentials of Axiomatic DesignTo manage couplings between eco-factors and product design parameters : Axiomatic design theory -> Supporting domain of design -> Encouraging innovative alternatives

-> Insensitive to iterative design changes However, it has some different points:

Pre-made and structured eco-FRs and eco-DPs : Eco-FRs and Eco-DPs libraries

Using feedback mechanism, design can be affected by eco-analysis result directly

: LCT/LCA to Re-design

Environmental effects of each DP are quantitatively estimated

: Augmented Design Matrix

Slide8

Comparisons to other methodologies

[1][1] Integration of Sustainability Into Early Design Through the Function Impact Matrix, Devanathan S, Ramanujan D, Bernstein WZ, Zhao F, Ramani

K, 2010, Journal of Mechanical Design

Slide9

eAD+ methodology flow

Eco-Factors

&

Axiomatic

Design

LCT/LCA

AD+

(Aug DM)

LCA

LCA

Slide10

Axiomatic design theory

“Axiomatic Design (AD) theory is a systems design methodology using matrix methods to systematically analyze the transformation of CN into FR, DP and PV”

[1]

Customer Needs (CN

): Voice of the customer

(all stakeholders including eco-stakeholder)

Functional Requirement (FR): Functions that a design must provide

- goals

Design Parameter (DP): Solution for each FRs (e.g. concept, component, process…)

- methods

Constraints

& Selection Criteria

Axiom 1: Maintain

independence

of the FRs

There is only one DP for each FR

[1] Axiomatic Design, N. P.

Suh

, 2002

-> Supporting domain of design

-> Encouraging innovative alternatives

-> Insensitive to iterative design changes

Slide11

Eco-FR and Eco-DP list

Eco-customer needs were collected from literature surveyY. Zhang, H. –P. Wang, C. Zhang, “Green QFD-II-: a life cycle approach for environmentally conscious manufacturing by integrating LCA and LCC into QFD matrices”, International Journal of Production Research, 1999, vol. 37, No. 5, 1075-1091K. Masui, T. Sakao, A. Inaba, “Quality function deployment for environment QFDE”, IEEE, 2001, 852-857T. Hur, J. Lee, J.

Ryu, E. Kwon, “Simplified LCA and matrix methods identifying the environmental aspects of a product system”, Journal of Environmental Management, 2005, 229-237

P. Park, K. Lee, “Development of an ecodesign method for electronics products and application to mobile phone”, Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineering, 2004, Vol. 26

17 companies’ web pages and environmental reports

Slide12

Eco-FR and Eco-DP list

2004 OECD key environmental indicatorsClimate change: CO2 and greenhouse has emission intensitiesOzone layer: Ozone depleting substancesAir quality: SOx and NOx emission intensitiesWaste generation: municipal waste generation intensitiesFreshwater quality: waste water treatment connection ratesFreshwater resources: intensity of use of water resources

Forest resources: intensity of use of forest resourcesFish resources: intensity of use of fish resourcesEnergy resources: Intensity of energy use

Biodiversity: Threatened species

Slide13

Eco-FR and Eco-DP list

Environmental benchmarking parametersEcodesign strategies for electronic products

Source: P. Park,

K. Lee,

“Development of an

ecodesign

method for electronics products and application to mobile phone”, Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineering, 2004, Vol. 26

Slide14

Eco-FR and Eco-DP list

Preserve material Design for disassembly Reduce weight Save Energy Improve logistics Battery-free product Reduce amount of liquid residues Eliminate cleaning process

Reduce emission …

~100 eco-CNs for the eco-stakeholders

CNs are simply things the stakeholder-thinks they want

NOTE

:

There is generally little/no structure to CNs - They can include goals, methods, constraints, feelings, contradictions - unstructured

Slide15

Eco-FR and Eco-DP list

FRs are goalsDPs are methodsWhat goals can we find to satisfy the eco-stakeholder?Eco-CNs may be categorized in 3 classes

- Less emission

- Less amount of liquid residues

Slide16

Eco-FR and Eco-DP list

Slide17

Eco-FR and Eco-DP list

* FRs which are directly related with LCA index**

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Life Cycle

Slide18

Eco-FR and

Eco-DP listEco-FR and eco-DP are intended to serve as a reference for the designer They can be readily incorporated into the design process

Possible DPs

-

-

FRs

Slide19

Feedback mechanism from eco-analysis

Direct feedback mechanism from eco-analysis result to the design processUsing relationships between LCT/LCA index and Eco-FR, LCT/LCA result can be linked with augmented design matrix

Slide20

Feedback mechanism from eco-analysis

LCT/LCA

Values

DPs

FRs

Slide21

Augmented design matrix

A design might have several couplingsEach coupling has different effects on customer/eco satisfactionIn practice, eliminating all couplings might be very difficult due to technology, time or resource limitation

Augmented DM

Using weighted DP, critical coupling can be defined

Effective

and

efficient

design process is possible

*

Augmented Design Matrix is inspired by House of Quality in Quality Function Deployment (QFD) methodology

Slide22

Augmented design matrix

Environmental analysis results are mapped to FR and FR weight are mapped to DPFinally, critical DP which has the worse effect on the environment will be identified

Critical coupling is identified!

Slide23

Augmented design matrix

Slide24

Augmented design matrix (ADM)

Normally, whether there is a coupling or not is indicated on the design matrix (not the magnitude of coupling)In ADM, specific numbers are used to express magnitude of couplingsUsing those numbers, result of environmental analysis can be mapped to FR and each DP’s environmental effects are quantitatively calculated

Designer can easily see which part has the worst effect on the environment

Slide25

Case Study 1 – mobile phone

Objective: design eco-friendly mobile phoneStart with existing mobile phone design, modify the design specifications using eAD+ methodologyUsing this activity, we can verify the effectiveness of eAD+ methodology for designing eco-friendly product

Samsung Electronics

SPH-C2300

Slide26

eAD+ methodology flow

LCALCA

Slide27

LCA (Life Cycle Assessemt

) LCA(Life Cycle Assessment

)

2.

Analyze inventory

3.

Evaluate effect

4.

Interpret result

Methane

SO

2

GW

AD

1. Set objective and range

Slide28

LCI DB (PASS, Korean Government)

 Material

Category

Unit

Total

PP (1kg)

Crude oil

Raw

g

1.200E+03

CO

2

Air

g

1.800E+03

NO

x

Air

g

1.000E+01

SO

x

Air

g

1.100E+01

VOC

Air

g

9.600E+00

Stainless steel (1kg)

Crude oil

Raw

g

2.940E+02

Coal

Raw

g

7.790E+02

Chromium

Raw

g

2.030E+02

Iron (ore)

Raw

g

6.550E+02

CO

2

Air

g

3.650E+03

Electricity (1kWh)

Coal

Raw

g

4.950E+01

CO

2

Air

g

2.900E+02

Methane

Air

g

5.320E-01

SO

x

Air

g

1.180E+00

Transport

(4.5t Truck, 60km/h, ton.km)

Crude oil

Raw

g

2.948E-02

CO

Air

g

3.592E-05

CO

2

Air

g

9.148E-02

HC

Air

g

6.350E-04

NO

x

Air

g

1.239E-03

Incineration (20%)

(1kg waste)

Coal

Raw

g

1.610E-01

Crude oil

Raw

g

7.020E-01

CO

2

Air

g

3.560E+00

NO

x

(as NO

2

)

Air

g

1.270E-01

Landfill (30%)

(1kg waste)

Crude oil

Raw

g

9.540E-01

CO

2

Air

g

1.870E+01

Methane

Air

g

1.970E+00

SO

x

(as SO

2

)

Air

g

3.240E-02

Recycling (50%)

(1kg waste)

Coal

Raw

g

7.880E+00

Crude oil

Raw

g

-7.490E+01

Iron (ore)

Raw

g

-3.020E+02

CO

2

Air

g

-2.000E+02

Natural Rubber(1kg)SOxAirg7.597E-01Crude oilRawg5.475E+01CO2Rawg1.800E+02NOxAirg2.661E+00VOCAirg5.201E-01CODWaterg1.000E+01Natural gasAirg4.752E+00COAirg6.181E-01

 

Material

Category

Unit

Total

Aluminum

(1kg)

CO

2

Air

g

1.790E+03

Crude oil

Raw

g

4.120E+02

Coal

Raw

g

3.840E+02

NO

x

Air

g

9.430E+00

SO

x

Air

g

6.620E+00

VOC

Air

g

1.160E+00

Methane

Air

g

1.990E+00

PCB (1kg)

Copper ore (35%)

Raw

g

5.611E+04

CO

2

Air

g

1.002E+04

Coal

Raw

g

1.302E+03

Crude oil

Raw

g

1.060E+03

COD

Water

g

2.475E+02

BOD

Water

g

1.494E+02

Li-ion Battery

(1EA)

CO

2

Air

g

2.272E+02

Natural gas

Air

g

1.185E+02

Coal

Raw

g

3.574E+01

Crude oil

Raw

g

1.212E+01

SO

x

Air

g

5.318E-01

NO

x

Air

g

4.540E-01

Methane

Air

g

3.057E-01

LCD (1kg)

Crude oil

Raw

g

2.760E+03

CO

2

Air

g

5.400E+03

NO

x

Air

g

2.400E+01

SO

x

Air

g

1.980E+01

VOC

Air

g

1.440E+01

BOD

Water

g

4.483E+02

COD

Water

g

4.950E+02

Plastic Extrusion

(1kg)

CO

2

Air

g

2.186E+02

Coal

Air

g

7.880E+01

Natural gas

Air

g

1.010E+01

Crude oil

Raw

g

9.761E+00

SO

x

Air

g

7.310E-01

NO

x

Air

g

5.350E-01

Press Process

(3500T)

CO

2

Air

g

1.878E-01

Coal

Raw

g

6.768E-02

Natural gas

Air

g

8.674E-03

Crude oil

Raw

g

8.463E-03

CO

Air

g

1.870E-02

SO

x

Air

g

6.280E-04

NO

x

Air

g

4.600E-04

Slide29

Upstream processFrom raw material acquisition to part manufacturing

Parameter

Housing

Raw material

aqusition

Part manufacturing

Sum

PP

STEEL

RUBBER

AL

PE

Press

Electricity

Part

FRT Panel

Slide UPR

Slide LWR

Back Panel

Inner Panel

Slide UPR Panel

PCB 2 Plate

Metal(screws)

Key Pad

Number Pad

Key Pad Ring

PP

STEEL

(kWh)

Mass (g)

9.0

8.0

6.0

8.0

3.0

6.0

5.0

1.5

0.5

1.0

0.5

34.0

12.5

1.0

Crude oil

1.080E+01

9.600E+00

7.200E+00

9.600E+00

3.600E+00

1.764E+00

1.470E+00

1.800E+00

2.738E-02

5.475E-02

2.060E-01

3.319E-01

1.058E-04

 

4.645E+01

Coal

 

 

 

 

 

4.674E+00

3.895E+00

1.169E+00

 

 

1.920E-01

2.679E+00

8.460E-04

4.950E+01

6.211E+01

Chromium

 

 

 

 

 

1.218E+00

1.015E+00

3.045E-01

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.538E+00

Iron

 

 

 

 

 

3.930E+00

3.275E+00

9.825E-01

 

 

 

 

 

 

8.188E+00

CO

2

1.620E+01

1.440E+01

1.080E+01

1.440E+01

5.400E+00

2.190E+01

1.825E+01

5.475E+00

9.002E-02

1.800E-01

8.950E-01

7.433E+00

2.347E-03

2.900E+02

4.054E+02

Methane

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9.950E-04

 

1.084E-04

5.320E-01

5.331E-01

CO

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.090E-04

6.181E-04

 

 

2.338E-04

 

1.161E-03

VOC

8.640E-02

7.680E-025.760E-027.680E-022.880E-02   2.601E-045.201E-045.800E-04   3.278E-01NOx9.000E-02

8.000E-02

6.000E-02

8.000E-02

3.000E-02

 

 

 

1.331E-03

2.661E-03

4.715E-03

1.819E-02

5.750E-06

 

3.669E-01

SO

x

9.900E-02

8.800E-02

6.600E-02

8.800E-02

3.300E-02

 

 

 

3.798E-04

7.597E-04

3.310E-03

2.485E-02

7.850E-06

1.180E+00

1.583E+00

COD

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.001E-03

1.000E-02

 

 

 

 

1.500E-02

Natural gas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.376E-03

4.752E-03

 

3.433E-01

 

 

3.504E-01

Copper ore

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

BOD

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Slide30

From raw material acquisition to part manufacturing

ParameterElectronics

Battery

Total

Sum

Raw material aqusition

Part M.

Sum

Raw material aqusition

Part M.

Sum

PCB

LCD

Electricity

PP

PCB

PACK

PE

Electricity

Part

PCB 1

PCB 2

LCD

(kWh)

Battery Housing

PCB Battery

PACK

PP

(kWh)

Mass (g)

5.0

5.0

10.0

2.5

7.0

4.0

15.0

7.0

2.0

Crude oil

5.298E+00

5.298E+00

2.760E+01

 

3.820E+01

8.400E+00

4.238E+00

1.817E-01

6.833E-02

 

1.289E+01

9.754E+01

Coal

6.511E+00

6.511E+00

 

1.238E+02

1.368E+02

 

5.209E+00

5.361E-01

5.516E-01

9.900E+01

1.053E+02

3.042E+02

Chromium

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.538E+00

Iron

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8.188E+00

CO

2

5.009E+01

5.009E+01

5.400E+01

7.250E+02

8.792E+02

1.260E+01

4.007E+01

3.409E+00

1.530E+00

5.800E+02

6.376E+02

1.922E+03

Methane

 

 

 

1.330E+00

1.330E+00

 

 

4.585E-03

 

1.064E+00

1.069E+00

2.932E+00

CO

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.161E-03

VOC

 

 

1.440E-01

 

1.440E-01

6.720E-02

 

 

 

 

6.720E-02

5.390E-01

NO

x

 

 

2.400E-01

 

2.400E-01

7.000E-02

 

6.810E-03

3.745E-03

 

8.055E-02

6.875E-01

SO

x  1.980E-012.950E+003.148E+007.700E-02 7.977E-035.117E-032.360E+002.450E+007.181E+00COD1.238E+001.238E+004.950E+00 7.425E+00

 

9.900E-01

 

 

 

9.900E-018.430E+00Natural gas       1.778E+007.067E-02 1.848E+002.199E+00Copper ore2.805E+022.805E+02  5.611E+02 2.244E+02   2.244E+027.855E+02BOD7.472E-017.472E-014.483E+00 5.978E+00 5.978E-01   5.978E-016.576E+00

Upstream

process

Slide31

Upstream LCA Result

Slide32

Downstream process

ParameterManufacture

Delivery

Use

Disposal

Electricity

Delivery

Electricity

Incineration(20%)

Landfill(30%)

Recycling(50%)

Sum

Crude oil

 

1.393E-03

1.084E+02

6.634E-02

9.015E-02

-7.078E+00

-6.922E+00

Coal

3.465E+01

 

 

1.521E-02

 

7.447E-01

7.599E-01

Chromium

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Iron

 

 

 

 

 

-7.078E+00

-7.078E+00

CO

2

2.030E+02

4.323E-03

6.351E+02

3.364E-01

1.767E+00

-1.890E+01

-1.680E+01

Methane

3.724E-01

 

1.165E+00

 

1.862E-01

 

1.862E-01

CO

 

1.697E-06

 

 

 

 

 

VOC

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NO

x

 

5.854E-05

 

1.200E-02

 

 

1.200E-02

SO

x

8.260E-01

 

2.584E+00

 

3.062E-03

 

3.062E-03

COD

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Natural gas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Copper ore

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

BOD

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HC

 

3.000E-05

 

 

 

 

 

Slide33

Characterization

InventoryLoadi

GW

AD

EU

POC

ARD

(g CO

2

eq/fu)

(g SO

2

eq/fu)

(g PO

4

3-

eq/fu)

(g ethene eq/fu)

(g/fu yr)

eqv

i,j

CI

i,j

eqv

i,j

CI

i,j

eqv

i,j

CI

i,j

eqv

i,j

CI

i,j

eqv

i,j

CI

i,j

Crude oil

1.99E+02

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.48E-02

4.94E+00

Coal

3.40E+02

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.44E-03

1.17E+00

Chromium

2.54E+00

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.81E-03

9.67E-03

Iron

1.11E+00

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7.21E-03

8.00E-03

CO

2

2.74E+03

1.00E+00

2.74E+03

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Methane

4.66E+00

2.30E+01

1.07E+02

 

 

 

 

6.00E-03

2.79E-02

 

 

CO

1.16E-03

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.70E-02

3.14E-05

 

 

VOC

5.39E-01

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.16E-01

2.24E-01

 

 

NO

x

7.00E-01

 

 

7.00E-01

4.90E-01

1.30E-01

9.09E-02

2.80E-02

1.96E-02

 

 

SO

x

1.06E+01

 

 

1.00E+00

1.06E+01

 

 

 

   Sum 2.85E+03 1.11E+01 9.09E-02 2.72E-01 6.12E+00

Slide34

Normalization

ReferenceYear : 1995Global population : 5,675,675,676Regional population (East china region) : 45,093,000

E. Effect

Ni

NI

i

(pe.yr/fu)

Boundary

Ref.Value

Unit

GW

Global

5.66E+06

g CO

2

eq/pe.yr

5.04E-04

AD

Regional

5.64E+04

g SO

2

eq/pe.yr

1.97E-04

EU

Regional

8.90E+03

g SO

4

3-

eq/pe.yr

1.02E-05

POC

Regional

7.37E+03

g ethene eq/pe.yr

3.69E-05

ARD

Global

1.87E+04

g/pe.yr

2

3.27E-04

Slide35

Total LCA Result

Slide36

Reference

Year : 1995Global population : 5,675,675,676Regional population (East china region) : 45,093,000

Initial Design

Redesign

E. Effect

NI

i

(pe.yr/fu)

NI

i

(pe.yr/fu)

GW

5.04E-04

4.13E-04

AD

1.97E-04

1.83E-04

EU

1.02E-05

9.91E-06

POC

3.69E-05

3.54E-05

ARD

3.27E-04

3.01E-04

Redesigned

LCA Result

Slide37

Redesign

Initial DesignRedesigned LCA Result

Slide38

Example – mobile phone

Back PanelBatteryFRT panel

Inner Panel

Key Pad

Number Pad

LCD

PCB 1

PCB 2

PCB 2 plate

Slide LWR

Slide UPR

Slide UPR Panel

Bolts & Plastics

Slide39

Example – mobile phone

Samsung ElectronicsSPH-C2300

Slide40

Example – mobile phone

PhonePhone typeSlideSize (mm)93(L) X 46(W) X 16.9(H)

Weight(g)

94.9

LCD size (main)

2.0 inch

LCD Color (main)

262K

Color

LCD resolution (main)

176 X 220

Body color

Black

Battery

Capacity

800mAh

Type

Li-ion polymer

Voltage

3.7

V

Samsung Electronics

SPH-C2300

Slide41

Example – mobile phone

Eco-FR

Slide42

Example – mobile phone

Eco-FR

Slide43

Example – mobile phone

GW value is mapped to FR 4.1ARD value is mapped to FR 5.1

Slide44

Example – mobile phone

In the detailed design, augmented design matrix looks exactly same as LCA

However, in the conceptual design, we cannot get LCA value because of lack of detailed design specificationsIn the conceptual level, we can get DP’s environmental effect by assuming coupling magnitude

Slide45

Example – mobile phone

Calculate each DP’s environmental effect scoreE.g. DP32 = (FR41) X 2 + (FR51) X 1 = (3.27E-04) X 2 + (5.04E-04) X 1 = 1.16E-03

Slide46

Example – mobile phone

Slide LWR

Slide UPR

Slide UPR Panel

Housing

Slide structure

Bar type structure

Some parts are used only to maintain slide structure, so these parts can be removed by changing to bar type structure

Reduce amount of material

Slide47

Example – mobile phone

BatteryLi-ion battery → Hybrid energy system (solar cell + Li-ion battery)Solar energy is infinite energy sourceReduce energy-providing material consumptionDisplay systemLCD display

→ LED display

LED display consumes less energy that LCD displayReduce energy-providing material consumption

Slide48

Example – mobile phone

Couplings were EliminatedAverage of coupling significantly reduced (2.73→

1.64)

Slide49

Case Study 2 – stapler

Objective: design eco-friendly staplerConducting design process by another person, we can find out what is missing in the eAD+ methodologyUsing this activity, we could make modified and detailed eAD+ methodology flow

Slide50

eAD+ methodology flow

LCALCA

Slide51

Example – stapler

Collect customer needsUsing survey and interview

Hold enough number of papers (10 to 20 pages)

Can be removable (easier is better)

Cost should be reasonable

Should maintain condition (hold condition)

Papers should not rotate related to each other

Not too thick

Should not contain hazardous material

Mechanism should be safe to human body

Easy to use

Use with small power

Durable from outside impact

Be eco-friendly

Slide52

Example – stapler

BenchmarkingIdentify existing staplers’ strengths and weaknesses

Slide53

Example – stapler

Benchmarking-environmental analysisFrom environmental analysis, using plastic is better that using steel (in global warming)Data comes from Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)

Slide54

Example – stapler

Grouping customer needs into categoriesSix categories were used:Functional CNErgonomic CNSafety CNAesthetic CNCost CNEnvironmental CN

Slide55

Example – stapler

Examples for each categories

Slide56

Example – stapler

Classify grouped CN into FR, C and SCFR: Things you want to achieve or design to addressConstraint: Things which limit

your design

Selection criteria: Things which is better to have

in your product, but you do not want to actively design for it.

Slide57

Example – stapler

FR listFR1. Hold papers (general A4 papers, up to 15 pages, secure and safe) FR11. Hold papers together

FR12. Hold papers relative position (rotating angle < 5 degree)

FR13. Hold papers in proper position (do not intrude contents)

 

FR2. Provide continuously using condition (secure up to 100 times)

FR21. Automatically feed staples

FR22. Reload staples

FR23. Contain staples

 

FR3. Provide easy using condition to user

FR31. Work easily with human hand (continuously using for 30 times without pain)

FR32. Need small amount of power (<

xF

)

 

FR4. Preserve environment

FR41. Use less material

FR42. Reduce emission

Slide58

Example – stapler

ConstraintSelection criteria

C1. Manufacturing cost should be < 10,000 KRW

C2. Do not contain hazardous material

C3. Should not harm human body

C4. Sound should be < 60dB

SC1. Look pretty

SC2. Durability

SC3. Removable (hold)

SC4. Thickness of held papers

SC5. Portability

SC6. Use for different materials

Slide59

Example – stapler

Concept ideation (less steel)Consider FR, three concepts were createdDesign 1Reduce amount of staple materialUse half size stapleDesign 2Use different material for stapleUse plastic staple

Design 3Do not use staple

Use paper twist method

Slide60

Example – stapler

Concept selectionUse selection criteria, the best design is selected as a conceptual design

Slide61

Example – stapler

Result – conceptual design (design 1 is selected)DP1. Staple mechanism

DP11. Steel staple DP12. Two point holding DP13. Staple position (in 2X2cm)

 DP2. Feed mechanism

DP21. Spring feed mechanism

DP22. Reloadable structure

DP23. Magazine

 

DP3. Ergonomic structure

DP31. Cover structure which fits for human hands

DP32. Spring in the push button

 

DP4. Eco-friendly stapler

DP41. Half size staple

DP42. Simple structure

Slide62

Detailed eAD+ methodology flow

Slide63

Example – stapler

Slide64

Case Study 3 – flash light

We are also conducting example for eco-friendly flash lightFlash light consumes energy, so it could show whether eAD+ methodology is applicable to energy-related product or not

Slide65

Example – flash light

QFD table

Design matrix

CAD drawing

Slide66

Concluding remarks

Proactive eco-design must be conducted early in the design processeAD+

Future IssuesStill depending on LCA

Needs existing LCA’s valuesDP-based Evaluation