Ecology Topic 5.1 – 5.3 - PowerPoint Presentation

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Ecology

Topic 5.1 – 5.3

Mrs. Milam

Adapted from Ms. Davies

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5.1.1 Define

species, habitat, population, community, ecosystem

and ecology.

Ecology

:

Environment has 2 components:

:

nonliving factors (soil, water, weather, pH)

:

living factors (all forms of life)

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5.1.1 Define

species, habitat, population, community, ecosystem

and ecology.

Ecologists study environments at different levels of organization:

Population:

Species: Habitat:

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5.1.1 Define

species, habitat, population, community, ecosystem

and

ecology.

Community:

Ecosystem:

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5.1.1 Define

species, habitat, population, community, ecosystem

and ecology.

Biosphere

:

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Organism

Organism

Population

Population

Community

Community

Ecosystem

Ecosystem

Biome

Levels of Organization

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5.1.9 State that light is the initial energy source for almost all communities

Almost all activities of life are powered

by

Energy enters ecosystems

through

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5.1.2 Distinguish between

autotroph

and heterotroph.

Autotrophs

or

producers: convert (food); become the

Heterotrophs:

an organism

that

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5.1.3 Distinguish between

consumers,

detritivores and

saprotrophs

Heterotrophs include:

Consumers: Detritivores: organisms that

(ex: earthworms, maggots, slime molds)

Saprotrophs

:

(ex: bacteria, fungi)

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5.1.4 Describe what is meant by a food chain, giving

three

examples, each with at least three linkages (four organisms)

The feeding relationships between organisms can be organized into a

food chain.

A food chain is a

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5.1.4 Describe what is meant by a food chain, giving

three

examples, each with at least three linkages (four organisms)

Food chains:

The arrow is pointing at the organism doing the consuming

Helioconius

butterfly

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XlUWKcZV7wg/TGK9bg09fAI/AAAAAAAAAXs/EpokiiPbkQA/s1600/Heliconius_erato_001.JPG

Passionflower

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Violet_Passion_Flower.jpg#filelinks

JaguarTegu lizard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupinambis

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5.1.5 Describe what is meant by a food web.

Natural communities have

food webs

rather than simple food chains

A

food web shows

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5.1.5 Describe what is meant by a food web.

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5.1.6 Define

trophic level

An

ecological niche

is unique to each species and includes all aspects of it’s way of life:

Physical Physical (range of temp it can withstand, pH of soil, amount of moisture it needs, etc.) – trophic level

Organism’s role in ecosystem – it’s “occupation”

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5.1.6 Define

trophic level

Trophic levels represent

“Feeding level”:

– autotrophic organisms that make food – herbivores; eat producers

– eat primary consumers & possibly producers

– eat secondary consumers & possibly primary consumers & producers – eat tertiary consumers & possibly secondary & primary & producers

*Top carnivore – top of the food chain

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5.1.7 Deduce the trophic level of organisms in a food chain and a food web.

Trophic levels can be studied by looking at

– each step in a food chain represents a

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5.1.7 Deduce the trophic level of organisms in a food chain and a food web.

Which tropic level?

Which tropic level?

Which tropic level?

Which tropic level?

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5.1.8 Construct a food web containing up to 10 organisms using appropriate information.

Ca

n you label the trophic levels for this food web?

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5.1.10 Explain the energy flow in a food chain.

5.1.11 State that energy transformations are never 100% efficient.

Energy flows from one trophic level to the next

Producers get their energy from the sun through photosynthesis.

Energy then flows from the plant to the primary consumer that eats it

The energy transfer continues from one level to the nextTransfer of energy through trophic levels is

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5.1.10 Explain the energy flow in a food chain.

Each level only passes

approximately

– Why?Some of the energy is used for Some of the energy is Some of the energy is

(ex. Cellulose)

Less and less energy is available to subsequent levels

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food chain.

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5.1.12 Explain reasons for the shape of pyramids of energy.

The amount of life an ecosystem can support depends on

Gross primary productivity –

Plants use 10 – 70% of their gross productivity for their own energy needs

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5.1.12 Explain reasons for the shape of pyramids of energy.

Net primary productivity

–

Measured in

 Also measured in

–

dry weight of organic matterProductivity of an ecosystem is influenced by many factors (amount of sun, water, temperature)

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5.1.12 Explain reasons for the shape of pyramids of energy.

Transfer between trophic levels can be studied through

ecological pyramids

Pyramid of energy –

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5.1.12 Explain reasons for the shape of pyramids of energy.

Pyramid of Numbers – number of individuals at each trophic level

Generally

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5.1.12 Explain reasons for the shape of pyramids of energy.

Pyramid of Biomass – shows the amount of biomass at each trophic level

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5.1.13 Explain that energy enters and leaves ecosystems, but nutrients must be recycled

Energy moves through the communities of ecosystems in

Energy

enters ecosystems as

, is , but is .

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5.1.13 Explain that energy enters and leaves ecosystems, but nutrients must be

recycled

5.1.14 State that saprotrophic bacteria and fungi (decomposers) recycle nutrients.

Nutrients constantly

Nutrients Saprotrophs (bacteria and fungi)