PLENARY DISCUSSION GROUP 14. - PowerPoint Presentation

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PLENARY DISCUSSION GROUP 14.

GROUP MEMBERS:

Fatimah Putri Az Zahra

Aulia Fash Farabi

Utari Gestini Rahmi

Mustika Febriani Rizona

Fauzul Azhim

Mega Gusti Ayu

Teddy Kurniawan

Vivit Erdina Yunita

Sari Mulyani

Suresh Mariah

Pity taro……

This morning, Taro, 16 years complained of abdominal pain and diarrhea for more than ten times since last night. His body felt weak, but Taro felt thirsty, so he kept drinking water. His sister told Taro that not only drinking water, but drinking isotonic drinks so that minerals that come out can also be replaced. Taro also had take anti diarrhea medicine given by her sister.

       Although already taking medication and oral rehydration salts, Taro is still suffering from diarrhea, but its frequency has begun to decrease. And unfortunate for Taro, when it would rush to the bathroom because he wants to defecate, Taro slipped, his head banged into the edge of the bath until it wounds and bleeding. Taro cried for help, his sister came and checked the wound in his head. Taro's sister took him to the ICU.

      Arriving at the ICU, Taro wound cleaned and stitched, but there is still seeping blood. Taro looked very pale, although the blood that came out a little. Doctors ask about Taro blood type and history of blood clotting disorders. Taro just know his blood type is A, but do not know any history of blood clotting disorders. Taro wounds bandaged and doctors prescribe antibiotics to prevent infection. How do you explain what is experienced by Taro?

Scheme

Anti-diarrhea medicine

limp

thirsty

Disorders of body fluids

isotonic

homeostasis

Hemostasis

blood

Impaired blood clotting

Lack of platelet

Blood group

Rhesus

ABO

MNS

mechanism

composition

source

Erytrocyte

leukocyte

trombocyte

hemofili

Vitamin k

Learning Objective

Students are able to explain :

Composition, sources and mechanisms of blood.

Principles of blood transfusion

The mechanism of blood clotting

Homeostasis

Blood classification system

Various kinds of correlation-related clinical disorders of fluid balance

Hemostasis

Cardiovascular system

1)Composition, sources and mechanisms of blood.

During formation, the RBC eventually loses its nucleus and leaves the bone marrow as a 

reticulocyte

.

RBCs last an average of 120 days in the bloodstream.

When RBCs age, they are removed by macrophages in the liver and spleen.

A hormone called 

erythropoietin and 

low oxygen levels regulate the production of RBCs. Ninety percent of erythropoietin is made in the kidneys.

When both kidneys are removed, or when kidney failure is present, that person becomes anemic due to lack of erythropoietin.

White blood cells (WBCs), or 

leukocytes

, are a part of the immune system and help our bodies fight infection. They circulate in the blood so that they can be transported to an area where an infection has developed.

Most WBCs (

neutrophils

,

eosinophils

, basophils and

monocytes) are formed in the bone marrow.Neutrophils

 are the one of the body's main defenses against bacteria.Eosinophils

 kill parasites and have a role in allergic reactionsBasophils are not well understood, but they function in allergic reactions.

Monocytes enter the tissue, where they become larger and turn into macrophages

2)Blood Transfusion

Blood transfusion is a medical action aimed at changing the patient's blood loss resulting from accidents, surgery or because of an illness. 

In principle, prior to blood transfusion, blood donors must be check.

And the most important thing is to determine the blood type to match the blood recipient and does not occur agglutination (clotting). 

Because

aglutini

n

have more than one place agglutinin binding then one can attach to two or more red blood cells that differ in the same time that causes red blood cells attached to each other. 

Then these clumps clog arteries throughout system circulation. For several hours until the next few days the physical distortion of cells and attack by

phagocytic white blood cells that destroy cells and release HB into plasma which is called hemolysis of red blood cells.

3)The mechanism of blood clotting

In response to the rupture of blood vessels or damage to the blood itself, then a series of complex chemical reactions occur in the blood that involves more than a dozen clotting factors, the end result is a 

prothrombin activator.

Prothrombin activator catalyze the changes between prothrombin  to thrombin

Thrombin worked as an enzyme to convert finrinogen  into à fibrin threads that compose platelets, blood cells and plasma to form a clot.

4)Homeostasis

refers to the resistance or environmental regulation mechanism of dynamic equilibrium in the (body of organisms) are constant. Homeostasis is one of the most important concepts in biology.

There are 2 types 

- Equilibrium static

Where circumstances in which such change is not take place.

- Dynamic equilibrium

Where in a constant state of this system is constantly changing although examples such as a pond at the bottom of the waterfall.

The organism has two environments, namely:

Outside environment is the environment surrounding the organism as a whole. The organism will live in groups with these organisms (biotic) and objects that are dead (

abiotic).

Environment in the dynamic environment within the human body consisting of the fluid that surrounds the community of cells that form the body.

5) The classification system of blood

There are 21 blood group systems to differentiate but is often used is ABO system, the system

Rh

(rhesus) and MNS systems. 

In blood transfusion, ABO and Rhesus system is very important because it can cause serious problems of blood transfusion or death to patients. 

MNS System rarely involved in the process of blood transfusion reactions but are useful for individual genetic markers. 

ABO system

Determined based on the type of antigens found on red blood cells. 

Blood group

Antigen

Antibody

A

A

B

B

B

A

AB

AB

-

O

-

AB

Individuals who have the blood type A, the body will produce antibodies B and will

aggulunate

the blood that have B antigens .Blood group AB has no antibodies and can receive any type of blood transfusion. Blood group O do not have antigen and can donate to everyone but it must receive the blood from O group only since it have A and B antibodies on it.

The system

Rh

(rhesus)

Distinguished by antigen-D, E, F is the integral membrane protein in red blood cells. D is a dominant antigen.

- Type: Rh +

Rh-(no antigen D)-Very important in blood transfusions and pregnancy.-If individuals with Rh

- receive a blood transfusion from RH+, his body will produce antibodies and cause lysis of red blood cells. 

6) Various kinds of correlation-related clinical disorders of fluid balance

Anemia

Aplastic

Anemia

Megaloblastic

anemia

Hemolytic anemia

Leucopenia (

agranulocytosis

) Leukemia

Thalassemia

7)

Hemostasis

Definition: Prevention of blood loss

When the blood vessel injury or rupture,

hemostasis

occur in several ways, namely:

Vascular spasm

Blood vessel injury or rupture resulting in vessel walls to contract so that the flow of blood from a ruptured blood vessel is reduced.The contraction is a result of nerve reflexes, local

miogenik spasms, and humoral

factors. 2.

Platelet plug formationIf the gap injury to the blood vessels are so small it will be closed by a plug of platelets, not by a blood clot.

The mechanism: - When platelets contact with surface vessels are damaged, then the properties of platelets immediately change drastically. 

- Platelets swell, its shape becomes irregular with protrusions protruding from its surface, to contract with a strong protein and causes the release of granules containing a variety of active factors, it becomes sticky platelets that attached to collagen fibers, secreting large amounts of ADP, and enzyme-enzyme form thromboxane

A 2, which is also secreted into the blood. 

3

.

Hemostasis

plug dissolution by

plasmin

Normal blood clotting system in a state of dynamic equilibrium and outlines forming fibrin nets continuously. At this stage, there is decomposition of the net

fibrinolysis

fibrin by plasmin. 

4

. The mechanism of blood clotting

(has explained in the previous LO)

5. Connective tissue growth

Is the final process of hemostasis, which will be formed connective tissue, either

permanent or scarring tissue. 

Control mechanisms in hemostasis:

Primer:

 mechanisms of vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the small wound. Platelet serotonin release in the wound and prostaglandins that cause muscles to constrict blood vessels to reduce blood loss.

Secondary:

 mechanisms involving coagulation factors in plasma and platelets with the final goal on a large wound. 

Thromboplastin

from damaged tissue activates protombin

(plasma proteins) with the help of calcium ions then form thrombin. Then thrombin alter fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble). Forming fibrin nets that capture red blood cells and clot.

Tertiary: a control mechanism that prevents excessive hemostasis not do fibrinolytic system.

8)

Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system is an organ system which functions to move substances 

to and from the cell. These systems also help stabilize body temperature and

pH.

There are two types of the cardiovascular system

- open circulatory system.

- closed circulation system.

3. Components in cardiovascular system is heart,lung, blood and muscle.

4. Is the most important component in the profile of human physiology. 5. Also known as VO2max (defined as the use of oxygen capacity

the maximum by the body during the physical conduct activities. 6. Function of the Cardiovascular System is

- deliver oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body through blood by the heart.- Removing the carbon dioxide and waste products of metabolism from every

cell in the body-Transporting hormones from endocrine glands to target cells via the blood plasma.- Helping to maintain the temperature in the body.